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Shepp s Photographs of the World. 

CONSISTING OF 

Photographic Views of Cities—Street Scenes—Public Buildings—Cathedrals—Mosques—Churches—Temples—Observatories— 
Castles—Homes of Noted People—Private and Public Apartments in Royal Palaces—Universities—Colleges— 

Volcanoes—Lake and Mountain Scenery—Lochs—Fjords—Falls—River Scenery—Canons—Geysers— ^ 

Bridges—Parks—Fountains—Theatres—Obelisks—Towers—Memorials—Tombs—Caves— 

Cemeteries—Pyramids—Ruins of Castles—Ruins of Temples—Ruins of 
Ancient Cities—Tropical Scenery—Towns—Villages—Huts, 

Together with a large array of instantaneous photographs, showing the every-day life of the people in the various countries of the world. 

COLLECTED FROM 


/ 


7 


Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, North America, South America 

and the Pacific Islands, 

REPRESENTING 

The World as it Exists To-Day. 


Also, direct copies of famous paintings and statuary, by the world's old and modern masters, taken from 

the leading galleries, including the 

LOUVRE AND LUXEMBOURG GALLERIES, PARIS; AND VERSAILLES GALLERY, VERSAILLES, FRANCE; THE DRESDEN 
GALLERY, DRESDEN, GERMANY; THE UFFIZI AND PITTI GALLERIES, FLORENCE, 

ITALY; AND THE VATICAN GALLERY, ROME. 

Forming the largest and most unique collection of photographs ever published in one volume. 


CARliFULLV^XfeRANGED ANI) APPROPRIATELY EXPLAINED BY 

JAMES W. SHEPP and DANIEL B. SHEPP. 

SOLD BY SUBSCRIPTION ONLY. 


GLOBE BIBLE PUBLISHING C 



No. 707 Chestnut Street, 


Philadelphia, Penna. 








,9} </v-» 


Entered according to the Act of Congress, in the year 1801, 
By D. B. SHEPP, 

In the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C. 
All rights reserved. 


The Photographs in this book are from originals, developed in the United States and protected by Copyright. 
Copying them in any form is unlawful, and notice is hereby given that persons guilty of infringing on the Copy¬ 
right will be instantly prosecuted. 


Printed under the personal supervision of 

Messrs. Alfred M. Slocum & Co . 
Philadelphia. Pa. 


PREFACE. 




o 


S2 

oJ 


NUMBER of those to whom a trip around the world is actually permitted is com¬ 
paratively few. Even persons of means sufficiently ample for the indulgence of such 
a journey may not have the leisure, or, when they possess both means and leisure, 
lack the energy to face the exertion involved. Many are restrained by home ties 
or family interests too dear to be broken, even for a few months, or by business 
necessities that cannot endure a prolonged interruption. Easy as the journey has been 
made by the facilities of modern travel, it is still too formidable an undertaking for 
the majority of mankind. 

Moreover, even a trip around the world, in the literal sense, would reveal to 
a portion of its scenes of interest. Many of its greatest wonders lie off the line of 
circumnavigation, and require to be reached by special journeys. To really see the world, one must 
explore it, seeking out spots to the north and south at every stage of the voyage, and thus extending 
a trip which can, in itself, be readily made in a comparatively short time, by many months of ad¬ 
ditional wanderings. While we have seen a newspaper reporter outdo Mr. Phineas Fogg’s famous 
flying voyage of eighty days, we also note that travellers who investigate even only the most accessible 
beauties and remarkable spots of the globe, require from two to three years for the accomplishment 
of their task and then leave much undone. 

We must fall back, therefore, for our knowledge of the world we live in, upon books of travel. 
These, the work of many and often greatly gifted hands, no matter how graphic they may be in their 
description or how abundant or excellent in their illustration, remain only disjointed narratives, requir¬ 
ing to be read with care, and compared with each other, so that their statements may be made clear 
in sequence, and the chain of description they form, perfected. After all is done, they convey but 
a shadow or suggestion of the reality. 

Fortunately for the public, the perfection of the art of photography, and the extension given 
by modern enterprise to the practice and application of this art, have rendered it possible to bring the 

(3) 












4 


PREFACE. 


whole world home to anyone’s door in a manner heretofore unknown. The panorama of the world 
has been limned by the sun to such an extent that there is no longer an excuse for our remaining 
in ignorance of its most inaccessible or remote marvels. We can surround ourselves, in our own 
homes, with the scenes which intrepid and adventurous explorers have taken for us, often at the 
cost of their lives, and visit the great historic sites, the centres of strange civilizations, as well as 
the habitations of barbarous and savage tribes, without moving from our own firesides. 

It is to serve such a purpose that Shepp’s Photographs of the World has been compiled, 
and in compiling it the work of scores of travellers has been combined in an alliance of pictorial 
contributions from every section, covering so vast a field that its exploration by a single person 
would be the labor of a lifetime. From the extreme north to the extreme south ; from the North 
Cape, photographed by the light of the Midnight Sun, to the temples and bazaars of India and the 
islands of the South Seas, the reader may journey in these pages, and obtain such a revelation of 
the wonders of nature and the great haunts of mankind as could only be made clearer could his 
own eyes contemplate them in the reality, as the eye of the camera has contemplated them for him. 

No mere description could so graphically convey what pictures show, and no pictures, even 
from the most gifted and skilful hand, could possess the value of accuracy and completeness of these 
actual transcriptions from nature, fixed upon the photographic plate and reproduced in their integrity 
by the art of printing. In them, as in a mirror, are reflected the busy life of the great cities of the 
world, as well as the memorials of historical antiquity and the remains of civilizations long passed 
away. The streets of London, animated by busy life, and the shattered ruins of Pompeii, solitary 
in their grave of lava and of ashes, under the shadow of the volcano ; the palaces and places of wor¬ 
ship of modern Europe, and the mouldering remnants of the temples of Greece, of Rome, of Egypt 
and the remoter East, are shown as they are. In the journey through these pages, the reader may 
contrast the world as it was in days which have become mere legends, and the world he lives in, 
which is vivid and active under his eye. 

To the representations of actual scenes have been added reproductions of famous masterpieces of 
the art of the past and of the present, by which the epochs of the world’s intellectual advancement 


PREFACE. 


5 


may be fixed, and types of living people who represent the various social conditions of the globe. 
In fact, the series constitutes, in a condensed form, a tour which is rich in lessons as well as reve¬ 
lations, and renders him who cannot stir abroad, in a manner, a tourist, seeing for himself through 
faithful eyes, as he might look from his window at the drama of humanity and the pageant of the 
universe passing by. 

No attempt has been made to supplement the plates with elaborate descriptions, for the simple 
reason that each subject has been selected with a view to having it explain itself. One does not 
require descriptions of what one can see, at the same time, a brief note attached to each picture 
establishes its identity and furnishes a clear summary of its character, and, where necessary, of its 
historical associations or its standard of importance in the world’s existence. With these notes as 
suggestions, and the pictures of the actual scenes before him, the reader has only to turn to any of 
the many accessible books of reference, for the amplification of the minor details of his stock of 
knowledge, and so complete his trip around the world as if he were making it, guide-book in hand. 

The journey which is made to the eastward begins in Ireland, and carries the reader through 
Scotland and England to the Continent, where he visits Belgium, Holland, Norway, Russia, Germany, 
France, Spain, Portugal, Switzerland, Austria and Italy, to the decaying ruins of Greece and the crumb¬ 
ling empire of the Turk. The great capitals, like London, Paris and Rome, and the marvelous mountain 
scenery of Switzerland, are treated with ample fulness. The home of Shakespeare is visited, together 
with the objects of antiquity in England and in Continental Europe; the art galleries of Paris, of Rome 
and Florence ; the fjords of Norway on the north and the canals of Venice on the south. Egypt is 
traversed from Alexandria to the Upper Nile. A journey into Palestine includes the Holy City of Jeru¬ 
salem and the most sacred places of the Bible, like Nazareth and Bethlehem. The traveller passes 
through Syria to Damascus, and wanders eastward by way of India, China and the Sandwich Islands, 
to our own continent. 

From page to page he goes, from the teeming life of London, Liverpool, Paris and Berlin, with 
their bustling highways, seething with human activity, into the presence of the Sphinx, into the 
shadow of the Pyramids, into the ravaged ruins of the Parthenon and the perishing remnants of the 


6 


PREFACE. 


dawn of Christianity in the Holy Land, and shares with the Buddhist in the contemplation of the Sacred 
City of Benares and the barbarically ornate temples of the Indies. He visits Australia, China and Japan, 
ere he crosses the Pacific; then from Alaska he travels to California, with a glance at the wonders of 
the Yosemite Valley, into the Yellowstone Park, and through Colorado and the border States to Chicago, 
Philadelphia and New York. The Capitol at Washington, the Bunker Hill Monument in Boston, the 
ancient fortifications in Florida in the time of Ponce de Leon, and its modern aspect as a place of winter 
refuge from the rigors of the northern clime, the coffee and sugar plantations of South America, and 
the wonders of old and the beauties of modern Mexico are shown, and his journey, which began on 
the eastern border of the Atlantic Ocean, terminates upon its western shore. 

In two hundred and fifty pictures, the world has passed before him in successive changes of 
scene, each distinct in interest and fascinating in its revelations of the wonders of nature and of man 
upon the face of the earth. He has learned to know the world he lives in by such a series of lessons 
as his mind will ever retain, and can revert again and again to the panorama, each time finding his 
interest refreshed by the new marvels it unfolds. 

In the preparation of this work, the publishers have been guided by two primary purposes. The 
first was to select that which should give the clearest and most consecutive meaning and value to the 
reader’s journey through these pages, and the second, to secure the best possible representations of the 
subjects selected, so that, in a double sense, the tourist at the fireside should be, as it were, under the 
direction of a faithful and intelligent guide. This task called for the expenditure of much time and 
thought, and its completion for the outlay of a great amount of money. That neither was spared, it is 
hoped the work itself will attest. That it will bring home to many thousands that which they cannot 
hope to otherwise see, and recall to others that which they have had the opportunity of seeing; that it 
will, in short, be an instructive guide on the one hand, and a pleasant, interesting souvenir on the other, 
is the best wish with which it can be committed to the appreciation of the public who may go travel¬ 
ling with it around the world. 


CONTENTS 


IRELAND. 

■'* Blarney Castle,. 

Lakes of Killarney,. 

Dublin,.(Instantaneous; . . 

Giant’s Causeway,. 

SCOTLAND. 

m Loch Lomond. 

Forth Bridge,. 

Balmoral Castle,. 

Clamshell Cave, Island of Staffa,. 


■ Edinburgh,.(Instantaneous) . 

ENGLAND. 

Lime Street, Liverpool, .... (Instantaneous) . 
Manchester,.(Instantaneous) . 


Warwick Castle, Warwick,. 

'Shakespeare’s House, Stratford-on-Avon,. 

Osborne House, Isle of Wight. 

Hampton Court Palace, Hampton Court,. 

Greenwich Observatory, Greenwich. 

Windsor Castle. 

Windsor Castle,. 

Green Drawing-Room,. 

London. 

Midland Grand Hotel and St. Pancras Station,. 

The Strand,.(Instantaneous) . . 

Cheapside,.(Instantaneous) . . 

St. Paul’s Cathedral,. 

The Bank of England, . • (Instantaneous) . . 

Tower of London,. 

London Bridge,.(Instantaneous) . . 

Westminster Abbey,. 

Houses of Parliament,. 


i 3 
G 
17 
19 

21 

23 

25 

27 

29 

3i 

33 

35 

37 

39 

4i 

43 

45 

47 

49 

5i 

53 

55 

57 

59 

61 

63 

65 


PAGE. 


Trafalgar Square,. 67 

Buckingham Palace,. 69 

v Albert Memorial,. 71 

BELGIUM. 

Antwerp,. 73 

Brussels. 

Panoramic View of Brussels,. 75 

Palace of the King,. 77 

Bourse,.(Instantaneous) . . 79 

City Hall,. 81 

Cathedral of Ste. Gudule,. 83 

HOLLAND. 

Scheveningen. 85 

Amsterdam,. 87 

Windmill,. 89 

NORWAY. 

Christiansand,. 91 

Naerdfjord, Gudvnagen,. .. 93 

North Cape,. 95 

SWEDEN. 

Stockholm,. 97 


RUSSIA. 

MOSCOW. 

General View of Moscow, 


Church of St. Basil,. 101 

Tsar Kolokol,. 103 

St. Petersburg. 

Winter Palace,. 105 

GERMANY. 


The Cathedral, Cologne, 


(7) 


















































8 


CONTENTS. 


Bingen,. 109 

Ehrenbreitstein,. 111 

Ariadne on the Panther,. Statuary, Dannecker, . . 113 

University Building, Leipsic,. 115 

Berlin. 

Unter den Linden,. 117 

Royal Palace,. 119 

Statue of Frederick the Great,. 121 

The Brandenburg Gate,. 123 

Monument of Victory,. 125 

Potsdam. 

The Historic Windmill,. 127 

Dresden Gallery. 

Madonna di San Sisto, . Painting, Raphael, . . 129 

Magdalene,.Painting, Battoni, . . 131 

FRANCE. 

Paris. 

Bird’s-eye View of Paris,. 133 

Place de la Concorde,. . . (Instantaneous) 135 

Madeleine,. 137 

Opera House,.(Instantaneous; . . 139 

Great Boulevards.(Instantaneous) . . 141 

July Column,. 143 

Vendome Column,. 145 

Royal Palace,. 147 

Cathedral of Notre Dame,. 149 

Palace of Justice,. 151 

Arc of Triumph,. 153 

Dome des Invalides,. 155 

Tomb of Napoleon,. 157 

Eiffel Tower,. 159 

Louvre Buildings,.161 

Louvre Gallery. 

Venus de Milo, . Statuary, Unknown, . . 163 


Tomb of Phillippe Pot, 

Statuary, Renaissance, 
Peacemaker of the Village, 


, _ Painting, Greuze, 

Luxembourg Gallery. 

The Last Veil,.Statuary, Bouret, 

Arrest in the Village, . . Painting, Salmson, 

A Mother,.Statuary, Lenoir, 

Joan of Arc,.Statuary, Chapu, 

Paying the Reapers, . Painting, Lhermitte, 

Ignorance,.Painting, Paton, 


Versailles. 


Royal Palace, . . 
Royal Carriage, . . . 
Versailles Gallery. 


Last Victims of the Reign of Terror, 

Painting, Muller, 
Napoleon at Austerlitz, . Painting, Vernet, 
Fontainebleau. 

Royal Palace,. 

Throne Room,.. 

Apartment of Tapestries, . . . .. 

Apartment of Mine, de Maintenon,. 

SOUTHERN FRANCE. 


Nice,. 

General View of Monaco,. . 

Gaming Hall, Monte Carlo,. 

SPAIN. 

Madrid,. 

Alhambra, Granada, ... . 

Interior of the Alhambra, Granada,. 

Interior Great Mosque, Cordova,. 

Bull Fight, Seville, .(Instantaneous) . 

Gibraltar,. 

PORTUGAL. 

Lisbon,. 


PAC.E. 


165 

167 

169 
171 
173 
175 
177 
179 

181 

183 


185 

187 

189 

191 

193 

195 

197 

l 99 

201 

203 
205 
207 
209 
211 
21 3 

21 5 














































CONTENTS 


9 


SWITZERLAND. 

Kirchenfeld Bridge, Berne,. 

Clock Tower, Berne, .. 

Peasant Woman,. 

Interlaken and the Jungfrau. 

A Thousand Foot Chasm. 

Brunig Pass,. 

Lucerne,. 

Rigi,. 

Rigi-Kulm,. 

Pilatus, .... . 

Simplon’s Pass,. 

Zermatt and the Matterhorn,. 

Chamounix and Mont Blanc, French Alps, . 

Engelberg,. . 

St. Gotthard Railway,. 

Axenstrasse,. 

AUSTRIA. 

Vienna. 

Panorama of Vienna,. 

Hotel Metropole,. 

Church of St. Stephen,. 

Theseus,. 

Schonbrunn,. 

TURKEY. 

Constantinople. 

Galata Bridge,.(Instantaneous) . 

Mosque of St. Sophia,. 

Interior of the Mosque of St. Sophia. 

Street Scene,.(Instantaneous) . 

Mosque of Sultan Ahmed,. 

Turkish Market-Woman,. 

Street Merchants,. 

GREECE. 

ATHENS. 

Acropolis,. 


217 
219 
221 
223 
225 
227 
229 
231 
233 
235 
237 
239 
241 
243 
245 
247 


249 

251 

253 

255 

257 


259 

261 

263 

265 

267 

269 

271 


-73 


PAGE. 


Parthenon,. 275 

ITALY. 

Milan. 

Grand Cathedral and Square, .... 277 

Corso Venezia,. 279 

Turin. 

Exposition Buildings,. . 281 

Duke Ferdinand of Genoa, . .283 

Genoa. 

General View of Genoa,. 285 

Statue of Columbus,. 287 

Pisa. 

Leaning Tower,. 289 

Venice. 

Palace of the Doges,. 291 

Grand Canal,. 293 

Cathedral of St. Mark,. 295 

Street Scene in Venice,. 297 

The Rialto,.(Instantaneous) . . 299 

Florence. 

The Cathedral,. 301 

Vecchio Bridge,. 303 

Monk,. 305 

Loggia dei Lanzi,. 307 

Ufifizi Buildings, .... . 309 

Loggia dei Lanzi. 

Rape of Polyxena, . . Statuary, Fedi, . . .311 

Uffizi Gallery. 

The Grinder, Statuary, 16th Century, . . 313 

Pome. 

Appian Way and Tomb of Caecilia Metella, . . 315 

Pyramid of Cestius and St. Paul Gate,.... 317 

Roman Forum,. 319 

Forum of Trajan,. 321 

Baths of Caracalla,. 323 


















































io 


CONTENTS. 


Colosseum,. 325 

Interior of Colosseum,. 327 

Pantheon,. 329 

Bridge of St. Angelo and Tomb of Hadrian, . . 331 

St. Peter’s and Vatican,. 333 

Interior of St. Peter’s,. 335 

Vatican Gallery. 

Transfiguration, . Painting, Raphael, . . 337 

La Ballerina, . . Statuary, Canova, . . 339 

Laocoonte,.Statuary, . . 341 

Naples. 

Toledo Street,.(Instantaneous) . . 343 

Mount Vesuvius. 

Crater,. 345 

Pompeii. 

Street of Tombs,. 347 

Civil Forum,. 349 

Island of Capri. 

General View and Landing,. . . ... 351 

Island of Ischia. 

Castello,. 353 

EGYPT. 

Alexandria. 

Harbor. 355 

Place of Mehemet Ali,. 357 

Egyptian Cemetery,. 359 

Cairo. 

Citadel,. 361 

Mosque of Mohammed Ali,. 363 

Street Scene,. 365 

Palace of Gezireh,. 367 

On Camel-Back,. 369 

Pyramids of Gizeh,. 371 


PAGE. 

Corner View of the Great Pyramid,. 373 

The Sphinx. 375 

The Colossi, Upper Nile,. 377 

In Central Africa,. 379 

Suez Canal. 

Landing on Suez Canal, . (Instantaneous) . . 381 

Post Office, Suez. 383 

PALESTINE. 

Yaffa or Jaffa,. 385 

Jerusalem. 

General View of Jerusalem,. 387 

Wailing Place of the Jews,. 389 

Street Scene,. 391 

'Garden of Gethsemane, .. 393 

Bethlehem,.• . . . 395 

Dead Sea,. 397 

•v Nazareth,. . 399 

Jacob’s Well,. 401 

SYRIA. 

Interior of Great Mosque, Damascus,. 403 

Baalbeck,. 405 

INDIA. 

Kalbadevie Road, Bombay,. . 407 

Indra-Sabha-Temple, Ellora,. 409 

Royal Observatory, Madras,. 411 

Benares,. 413 

Tropical Scenery, Calcutta,. 415 

Ceylon. 

Temple of the Tooth, Kandy,. 417 

Tea Farm,. 419 

CHINA. 

Nine Story Pagoda, Canton. 421 

Wong Tai Ken,. 423 

JAPAN. 

Yokohama,. 425 

Jin-rickisha,. 427 






















































CONTENTS. 


11 


Great Buddha, Kamakura,.429 

AUSTRALIA. 

Melbourne,. 431 

SANDWICH ISLANDS. 

Typical Scene,.-. 433 

SOUTH AMERICA. 

Rio de Janeiro. 

v General View,. 435 

Street Scene,. 437 

Coffee Farm,. 439 

MEXICO. 

City of Mexico. 

The Cathedral,. 441 

National Palace. 443 

Street Scene,. 445 

Aztec Stone,. 447 

WEST INDIES. 

Cuba. 

Sugar Plantation . 449 

ALASKA. 

Sitka. 45 i 

Totem Poles. 453 

CANADA. 

Parliament Buildings, Ottawa. 455 

UNITED STATES. 

California. 

Golden Gate. 457 

Market Street, San Francisco. 459 

Yosemite Valley. 

General View. 461 

Glacier Point. 463 

Mirror Lake. 465 

Big Tree,. 467 


Salt Lake City, Utah. 

Great Mormon Temple,. 469 

Yellowstone National Park. 

Pulpit Terrace,. 471 

Obsidian Cliff,. 473 

Mammoth Paint Pots,. 475 

Old Faithful Geyser,. 477 

Yellowstone Lake and Hot Springs, ... . 479 

Yellowstone Falls,. 481 

Grand Canon of the Yellowstone,.483 

Colorado. 

Animas Canon,. 485 

Grand Canon of the Arkansas River, .... 487 

Mountain of the Holy Cross,.489 

Manitou and Pike’s Peak, . 491 

Summit of Pike’s Peak,. 493 

Gateway to the Garden of the Gods, . . . 495 

Cathedral Spires. 497 

Life in Oklahoma, Oklahoma Territory, . ... 499 

Indian Wigwam, Indian Territory,. 501 

State Street, Chicago, Ill., .. 503 

Niagara Falls, N. Y.,. 505 

Bunker Hill Monument, Boston, Mass., . . . . 507 

New York City, N. Y. 

Park Row,. 509 

Brooklyn Bridge,.511 

Elevated Railroad,. ... 513 

Statue of Liberty,. 515 

Philadelphia, Penna. 

Chestnut Street, . 517 

St. Augustine, Fla. 

Fort San Marco,. 519 

Ponce de Leon,. 521 

Washington, D. C. 

The Capitol,. 523 





















































BLARNEY CASTLE, IRELAND.—Here are observed the ruins of a famous old fortress, visited by thousands of tourists every year, on account of a tradi¬ 
tion which has been attached for centuries to one of the stones used in building the castle. Its walls are 120 feet high and 18 feet thick ; but it is principally 
noted for the “ Blarney Stone,” which is said to be endowed with the property of communicating to those who kiss its polished surface, the gift of gentle, 
insinuating speech. The triangular stone is 20 feet from the top, and contains this inscription: Cormack MacCarthy, “Fortis me fieri fecit A. D. 1446.” 

13 










LAKES OF KILLARNEY, IRELAND. —These are three connected lakes, near the centre of County Kerry. The largest contains thirty islands, and 
covers an area of fifteen square miles. The beautiful scenery along the lakes consists in the gracefulness of the mountain outlines and the rich and varied 
colorings of the wooded shores. Here the beholder falters, and his spirit is overawed as in a dream, while he contemplates the power and grandeur of the 
Creator. The lakes are visited by thousands of tourists annually. The above photograph gives a general view of them. 


15 















DUBLIN, IRELAND.— Dublin, the capital and chief city of Ireland, is the centre of the political, ecclesiastical, educational, commercial, military and railroad 
enterprises of the kingdom. It is the residence of the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, and it claims a high antiquity, having been in existence since the time 
of Ptolemy. In the ninth century it was taken by the Danes, who held sway for over two hundred years. In 1169 it was taken back by the English, and 
seven years later, its history began to be identified with that of Ireland. The city is divided into two parts by the Liffey, which is spanned by nine 
bridges. The photograph represents Sackville Street, one of its principal thoroughfares. 

17 




















GIANT’S CAUSEWAY, IRELAND. —The Giant’s Causeway derives its name from a mythical legend, representing it to be the commencement of a road 
to be constructed by giants across the channel from Ireland to Scotland. It is a sort of pier or promontory of columnar basalt, projecting from the north 
coast of Antrim, Ireland, into the North Sea. It is divided by whin-dykes into the Little Causeway, the Middle or “ Honeycomb Causeway,” here repre¬ 
sented, and the Grand Causeway. The pillars vary in diameter from fifteen to twenty inches, and in height, from ten to twenty feet. It is a most curi¬ 
ous formation. 


w 




























LOCH LOMOND, SCOTLAND.— Here is presented the largest and, in many respects, the most beautiful of the Scottish Lakes; it is nearly twenty-five 
miles long, and from one to five miles wide. Its beauty is enhanced by the numerous wooded islands, among which the steamer threads its way. Some 
of the islands are of considerable size, and, by their craggy and wooded features, add greatly to the scenic beauty of the lake. Loch Lomond is unques¬ 
tionably the pride of Scottish lakes. It exceeds all others in extent and variety of scenery. 


21 









































FORTH BRIDGE, SCOTLAND.—This bridge, crossing the Firth of Forth, is pronounced the largest structure in the world, and is the most striking 
feat yet achieved in bridge-building. It is 8296 feet long, 354 feet high, and cost $12,500,000. It was begun in 1883, and completed in i8qo._ It is built 
on the cantilever and central girder system, the principle of which is that of “stable equilibrium,” its own weight helping to balance it more firmly in 
position. Each of the main spans is 1700 feet long, and the deepest foundations are 88 feet. The weight of the metal in the bridge is 50,000 tons. 

*3 












BALMORAL CASTLE, SCOTLAND. —The above-named castle, the summer residence of Queen Victoria, is most beautifully and romantically situated 
in the Highlands of Scotland. The Queen has two other residences, one on the Isle of Wight, and the other at Windsor; but the Highland home 
is the most pleasant and attractive. • The surrounding country is rich in deer, grouse and every other kind of game. The place is always guarded by 
soldiers, and no one is allowed to come near the castle, unless by special permission. The cairns which crown most of the hills, are memorials of friends 
of Her Majesty. The property covers forty thousand acres, three-fourths of which is a deer forest. 


25 


















CLAMSHELL CAVE, ISLAND OF STAFFA, SCOTLAND.— The above cave is located on the Island of Staffa, in the Atlantic Ocean, not far from the 
mainland. It is one of those remarkable islands whose wonders have been known to the world for but little over a hundred years. The name of the 
island signifies columns or staves. At one time the coast was visited by violent volcanic actions, the effects of which may still be traced. Staffa is a little 
over a third of a mile in circumference, and presents a most interesting field of study for geologists. 


27 

















EDINBURGH, SCOTLAND. —Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland, and one of the most romantically beautiful cities in Europe, is finely situated near the 
Firth of Forth. It is the seat of the administrative and judicial authorities of Scotland, and is renowned for its excellent university and schools. Its 
authentic history begins in 617, when King Edwin established a fortress on the Castle Rock. It consists of the picturesque Old Town, familiar to all 
readers of Walter Scott, and of the New Town, started in 1768. This photograph represents Princess Street, the principal thoroughfare of the New Town, 
Scott’s Monument, and Castle Rock, the ancient seat of Scottish Kings. 

2 y 






































LIME STREET, LIVERPOOL, ENGLAND.— Situated on the north-east side of the River Mersey, near its mouth, stands the above city, extending for miles 
along its banks. Liverpool is noted for the magnificence of its docks, which are constructed on the most stupendous scale, and said to cover, including the 
dry docks, over two hundred acres, and fifteen miles of quays. Its principal avenue is Lime Street, represented by the above p ! cture. The large building 
in the centre is the Terminal Hotel, of the London and Northwestern Railway, which starts from the rear of the building. 


I 












































MANCHES TER, ENGLAND.— Manchester is the chief industrial town of England, and the great metropolis of the manufacturers of cotton, silk, worsted, 
chemicals and machinery. Most of the streets of the older parts of the city are narrow, but those in the new parts are wide and attractive. The above 
picture represents Piccadilly Street, which is one of the principal thoroughfares. This avenue is bordered by magnificent shops, and always crowded with 
pedestrians, omnibuses and other vehicles. The statue in the centre is that of the Duke of Wellington. Piccadilly has a very animated appearance. 

33 





























T- 



WARWICK CaSTLE, WARWICK, ENGLAND.—Warwick, a quaint old town with twelve thousand inhabitants, is situated on a hill rising from the 
River Avon, and is a place of great antiquity, having been originally a British settlement, and afterward occupied by the Romans. Legend goes back for 
its foundation to King Cymbeline, and the year one. On a commanding position, overlooking the Avon, stands Warwick Castle, the ancient and stately 
home of the Earl of Warwick. The castle, which is one of the finest and most picturesque feudal residences in England, dates from Saxon times. 


35 










SHAKESPEARE’S HOUSE, STRATFORD-ON-AVON, ENGLAND. —Of all the ancient castles and monuments throughout England, the house of William 
Shakespeare at Stratford-on-Avon is perhaps the most interesting and popular. The chief literary glory of the world was born here, April 23, 1564, which 
gives his home an ancient and noted history. The house has undergone various vicissitudes since his time, but the framework remains substantially un¬ 
altered. '1 he rooms to the right on the ground floor contain interesting collections of portraits, early editions of his productions, his school-desk and signet¬ 
ring. The garden, back of the house, contains a selection of the trees and flowers mentioned in his plays. 

37 





























OSBORNE HOUSE, ISLE OF WIGHT, ENGLAND.— This is the residence of the Queen of England; it was completed in 1845, and is located near 
Cowes. The latter town is on the north coast of the Isle of Wight, directly opposite to the mouth of Southampton Water. The port between them is the 
chief one of the island, and the headquarters of the Royal Yacht Squadron. Behind the harbor the houses rise picturesquely on gentle wooded slopes, and 
numerous villas adorn the vicinity. Magnificent residences and castles are located near by, of which the above picture is a fair representation. 


29 


































HAMPTON COURT PALACE, HAMPTON COURT, ENGLAND. —This palace was built by Cardinal Wolsey, the favorite of Henry VIII. and was 
afterwards presented to the King. It was subsequently occupied by Cromwell, the Stewarts, William Ill., and the first two monarchs of the House of Han¬ 
over. Since the time of George II., Hampton Court has ceased to be a royal residence, and is now inhabited by various pensioners of the Crown. The 
various rooms that were formerly occupied by the royalty, are now devoted to the use of an extensive picture-gallery. 


41 





















. 

‘ 3 &i 


GREENWICH OBSERVATORY, GREENWICH, ENGLAND. —Greenwich Observatory is situated six miles from London Bridge, on a hill one hundred 
and eighty feet high, in the centre of Greenwich Park. It marks the Meridian from which English astronomers make their calculations. The correct time for 
the whole of England is settled here every day at one o’clock P. M.; a large colored ball descends many feet, when the time is telegraphed to the most import¬ 
ant towns throughout the country. A standard clock, with the hours numbered from one to twenty-four, and various standard measures of length are placed 
outside the entrance, pro bono publico. 


43 























































































WINDSOR CASTLE, ENGLAND.— This favorite seat of the sovereigns of Great Britain, twenty miles from London, at the town of Windsor, was fre¬ 
quently extended under succeeding monarchs, until finally, in the reign of Queen Victoria, when it was completed at a total cost of $4,500,000, it became 
one of the largest and most magnificent royal residences in the world. The Saxon kings resided on this spot long before the castle was founded by 
William the Conqueror. In its vaults are buried the sovereigns of England, including Henry VIII. and Charles I. The interior of the castle is richly 
and profusely decorated, and filled with pictures, statuary, bronze munuments and other works of art. 

45 
























GREEN DRAWING-ROOM, WINDSOR CASTLE, ENGLAND.— Windsor Castle, the residence of the Queen, is one of the largest and most magnificent 
royal residences in the world. The interior of the drawing-room, which is fitted up at an expense of many hundred thousand dollars, gives a person a fair 
conception of the elaborate and artistic display to be witnessed in numerous other apartments. The interior, beautified with colored marble, mosaics, sculp¬ 
ture, stained-glass, precious stones, and gilding in extraordinary profusion and richness, places it among the finest castles in all Europe. 

47 























































MIDLAND GRAND HOTEL AND ST. PANCRAS STATION, LONDON. ENGLAND.— The roof of this station is said to be the most extensive in the 
world, being seven hundred feet long, two hundred and forty feet span, and one hundred and fifty feet high. The hotel is the terminus of the railway by 
the same name, and is one of the largest in London. Travellers arriving at the metropolis of the world, by almost any of the large railway lines, can 
secure accommodations at the end of their journey in the Railway Hotel. 


49 



























































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THE STRAND, LONDON, ENGLAND. -This street has been so named from its skirting the bank of the river, which is concealed here by the buildings. 
It is very broad, contains many handsome shops, and is the great artery of traffic between the city and the West End, and one of the busiest and most 
important thoroughfares in London. It was unpaved down to 1532. At that period many of the mansions of the nobility and hierarchy stood here, with 
gardens stretching down to the Thames. The buildings on the left are the new Law Courts. 


51 

































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CHEAPSIDE, LONDON, England. -Th -treet - ;n the very heart of the “city," ariJ is especially noted for its vxallc-J “cheap shops,” where is 
offered for sale every variety of articles, from a locomotive to a toothpick. The street is constantly so crowded with vehicles, that pedestrians are often 
(Je , ayed from fifteen to twenty minutes in crossing from one side to the other. It affords much pleasure to stroll along Cheapsi je and watch the crowds 
Of p^iestria"« and eh - ps down the avenue. The . i .gs . -. ng Cheaps; Je have an imposing appearance, and are of uniform architecture. 


5J 




























ST. PAUL’S CATHEDRAL, LONDON, ENGLAND.— Conspicuous, on a slight eminence in the very heart of London, stands the above-named cathedral, 
the most prominent building of the city. It is claimed that in Pagan times a temple of Diana occupied the site of St. Paul’s. The present church was be¬ 
gun in 1675, opened for divine service in 1697, and completed in 1710. The bulk of its cost, amounting to nearly $4,000,000, was defrayed by a tax on 
coal. The church resembles St. Peter’s at Rome, and is in the form of a Latin cross, five hundred feet long and one hundred and eighteen feet wide. 


55 




































































THE BANK OF ENGLAND, LONDON, ENGLAND.— The irregular, isolated, one-story building, covering an area of four acres, and located in the central 
part of London, is the largest and most powerful institution in the world. It is the only bank in London which has the power to issue paper money ; its 
average daily business is over $10,000,000. It employs 900 people, and usually carries in its vaults from $75,000,000 to $ 100 , 000 , 000 , while there are from 
100 to 125,000,000 dollars of the bank’s notes in circulation. On the right is the Stock Exchange, giving 1000 stock brokers daily employment. 

57 




















TOWER OF LONDON, LONDON, ENGLAND.— This celebrated fortress is located on the Thames in the eastern portion of London. Some of the most 
interesting events in the history of the Old World are clustered around these ancient relics. Some say the tower was commenced by Julius Ccesar, while 
most writers affirm that William the Conqueror commenced it in 1078. The tower-walls enclose about twelve acres, on the outside of which is a deep ditch or 
moat, formerly tilled with water. The tower was for a time a residence for the monarchs of England ; afterwards a prison for State criminals. 

59 







































LONDON BRIDGE, LONDON, ENGLAND. —Centuries ago the Saxons and Romans erected various wooden bridges over the Thames, on the site of the 
present London Bridge; but they were all carried away by floods, or destroyed by tire. This bridge was begun in 1825 and completed in 1831 at a cost of 
$10,000,000. The bridge, 928 feet long and 54 feet wide, is borne by five granite arches, that in the centre having a span of 152feet. The lamp-posts on 
the bridge are cast of the metal of French cannons captured in the Peninsular War. About 15,000 vehicles and 100,000 pedestrians cross the bridge daily. 

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WESTMINSTER ABBEY, LONDON, ENGLAND. —The Abbey, built in the form of a cross, four hundred feet long 
and two hundred feet wide, is of Gothic design, and was founded 610 A. D. 

“ That antique pile, There made like gods, like mortals there they sleep, 

Where royal heads receive the sacred gold ; Making the circle of their reign complete. 

It gives them crowns, and does their ashes keep ; These sons of Empire, where they rise, they set.” 


























































































HOUSES OF PARLIAMENT, LONDON, ENGLAND. —These edifices form a single pile of buildings of the richest Gothic style. They cover over eight 
acres, contain one hundred stair-cases, eleven hundred apartments, and cost $15,000,000. They are perhaps the most costly national structure in the world. 
The Queen enters on the opening and prorogation of Parliament through the Victoria Tower, which is three hundred and forty feet high. The imposing 
river-front of the edifice is nine hundred and forty feet long, and adorned with statues of English monarchs, from William the Conqueror to Queen Victoria. 

65 






















































TRAFALGAR SQUARE, LONDON, ENGLAND.— Here is one of the finest open places in London. This great square, which is a centre of attraction, was 
dedicated to Lord Nelson, and commemorates his glorious death in the battle of Trafalgar, October 22, 1805, gained by the English fleet over the combined 
armaments of France and Spain. In the centre of the square, rises to the memory of the great hero, a massive granite column, one hundred and fifty-four 
feet high, and crowned with a statue of Nelson. At the foot of the pedestal is inscribed his last command, “ England expects every man will do his duty.” 

67 

































BUCKINGHAM PALACE, LONDON, ENGLAND.—The above palace, being now the Queen’s residence and occupying the site of Buckingham House, 
was erected in 1703 by the Duke of Buckingham, and purchased by George III. His successor remodeled it in 1825, but it remained vacant until 1837, when 
it was occupied by Queen Victoria, whose residence it has since continued to be. The palace now forms a quadrangle, and is three hundred and sixty feet 
long. It contains a sculpture-gallery, a library, green drawing-room, throne-room, grand salon, state ball-room, picture-gallery and private apartments. 

69 




























































































ALBERT MEMORIAL, LONDON, ENGLAND.—This magnificent monument to Albert, the late Prince Consort, was erected by the English nation at a 
cost of $6co,cco. Cn a spacious platform, to which granite steps ascend on each side, rises a basement adorned with reliefs in marble, representing artists 
of every period, poets, musicians, painters and sculptors. In the centre of the basement sits the colossal bronze-gilt figure of Prince Albert. The canopy 
terminates at the top in a Gothic spire, rising in three stages and surmounted by a cross. The monument is one hundred and seventy-five feet high, and 
gorgeously embellished with bronze and marble statues, gildings, colored stones and mosaic. 

71 
























ANTWERP, BELGIUM.—Antwerp, the capital of a province of its own name, stands on the right bank of the Scheldt. It is strongly fortified; its walls 
and other defences completely encompass the city on the land sides, having more than twelve miles of massive ramparts. The appearance of Antwerp is 
exceedingly picturesque, an effect produced by its numerous churches, convents, magnificent public buildings, its elaborate and extensive fortifications, the 
profusion of beautiful trees, and by the stately antique-looking houses which line its older thoroughfares. Of the docks, dock-yards and basins, constructed 
by Bonaparte at an expense of jjdo,coo,ooo, the last only remains. Its harbor is one of the finest in the world. 
































































































. 


















PANORAMIC VIEW OF BRUSSELS, BELGIUM— Brussels, the capital of Belgium and the residence of the royal family, is situated nearly in the centre 
of the Kingdom. The above picture presents a general view of the city, the tile roofs of the houses, with the Palace of Justice looming up in the back¬ 
ground. This stately edifice, completed in 1883, was erected at an expense of over $io,oco,ooo. This high tower of marble forcibly suggests the mighty 
structures of ancient Egypt or Assyria, and the vast amount of energy spent in their erection. 






































PALACE OF THE KING, BRUSSELS, BELGIUM.—The above edifice originally consisted of two buildings, which were erected during the last century. 
These were connected by an intervening structure, and adorned in 1827 with a Corinthian colonnade. It is one of the principal and notable buildings of the 
City of Brussels. The interior contains a number of apartments handsomely fitted up, and a great variety of ancient and modern pictures. A flag hoisted on 
the palace announces the presence of the King. 


77 













































































BOURSE, BRUSSELS, BELGIUM.— In the central portion of the City of Brussels, on the Boulevard Anspach, rises the Bourse or New Exchange, an im¬ 
posing pile in Louis XIV. style. Its vast proportions and almost excessive richness of ornamentation combine to make the building worthy of being the 
commercial centre of an important metropolis ; but it has been sadly disfigured by the application of a coat of paint, necessitated by the foible nature of 
the stone. The principal facade is embellished with a Corinthian colonnade, to which there is an ascent of twenty steps. 

79 




















































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CATHEDRAL OF STE. GUDULE.—In the central part of the city of Brussels, overlooking its lower section, is the 
above edifice, one of the most imposing and most ancient Gothic churches in Belgium. It consists of a nave and aisle, 
having a retro-choir, and deep bays, resembling chapels. It was built in 1220, and has been in constant use for six 
hundred and seventy years. While the elements of time are crumbling its outside surface, leaving an abundance of 
disintegrated matter at the base of its walls, its interior is adorned with fine paintings and kept in apparently good order. 

















































1 . 














































































SCHEVENINGEN, HOLLAND.— This famous and popular summer resort is annually visited by thousands of people. The sand is firm and smooth, and 
the place possesses a great advantage over other watering-places on the North Sea, having The Hague and woods in close proximity, the latter affording 
pleasant and shady walks. What appear like wooden posts driven in the sand in the above picture, are wicker-basket chairs, with roofs to keep off the 
sun. Scores of canvas tents line the shore, and thousands of people iie on the beach from early morning until late at night. 

ss 




























AMSTERDAM, HOLLAND.— This is the largest and most important city in Holland, and constitutionally its capital. It stands on a soft, wet ground, under 
which, at a depth of fifty feet, is a bed of sand. Into this sand piles are driven, on which buildings are reared, a fact which gave rise to the jest of Erasmus 
of Rotterdam, that he knew a city whose inhabitants dwelt on tops of trees like rooks. The city is surrounded by grassy meadows. Amsterdam ranks 
much higher as a trading than as a manufacturing town. The photograph represents St. Antoine Street. 

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WINDMILL, HOLLAND.— Millions wonder that a country so situated as Holland can exist; and the stranger is almost unable to decide whether land or 
water predominates. Those broken and compressed coasts, those deep bays and great rivers, the lakes and canals crossing each other, all combine to give 
the idea of a country that may at any time disintegrate and disappear. In the thirteenth century the sea broke the dykes in northern Holland and formed 
the Zuyder Zee, destroying many villages and causing the death of eighty thousand people. To drain the lakes, and save the country from destructive 
inundations, the Hollanders press the air into their service, which is represented by the above windmill. 

s 9 





















CHRIST 1 ANSAND, NORWAY.— Christiansand is the largest town on the south coast of the Scandinavian peninsula, and the residence of one of the five 
Norwegian Bishops. It is beautifully situated at the mouth of the Otteraa, on the Christiansand Fjord. The town is named after Christian IV., by whom 
it was founded in 1641, and is regularly laid out with streets intersecting at right angles. It possesses an excellent harbor, at which all the coasting steamers 
Of that country, and those from England, Germany and Denmark, arrive regularly. 

91 



















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N/CRDFJORD, GUDVNAGEN, NORWAY. —One of the grandest and most picturesque of the many Fjords on the broken coast of Norway, is repre¬ 
sented here. Enormous waterfalls, formed by the melting snows and ice, are seen along the steep precipices of the high mountains on every side. The 
mountains on both sides of this inland sea, rise to the height of several thousand feet. The steamer in the foreground is one of the many that make 
weekly trips between Christiansand and Hammerfest, the latter being the most northern town in the world. During the summer season, these steamers 
are crowded with tourists to their utmost capacity. This fact evinces the grandeur of the place, and the interest it must afford to travellers. 


93 











NORTH CAPE, NORWAY.— This cape (71 0 io' N. Lat.), consisting of a dark gray slate-rock, furrowed with deep clefts, rising abruptly from the sea, is 
usually considered the most northern point of Europe ; its height is about nine hundred and seventy feet. The northern sun, creeping at midnight (the time 
this photograph was taken) along the horizon, and the immeasurable ocean in apparent contact with the skies, form the grandest outlines and the most 
sublime pictures to the astonished beholder. Here, as in a dream, the many cares and anxieties of restless mortals seem to culminate. 

95 








STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN.— Stockholm, the capital of the Kingdom of Sweden, lies at the influx of Lake Malaren into an arm of the Baltic Sea. The 
situation of the town, on islands, on a plain, and on rocky hills surrounded by water and islands in every direction, is exceedingly picturesque. Stockholm 
has therefore, not inaptly, been called the “ Venice of the North.” One of the most striking peculiarities of the city consists in the fact, that it lies in 
immediate proximity with primeval forests and rocky islands, where, to this day, there is hardly a trace of cultivation. Communication between differ¬ 
ent parts of the city is maintained by numerous small steam ferry-boats. 


























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GENERAL VIEW OF MOSCOW, RUSSIA.—Moscow, which was at one time the capital of all Russia and home of the Czar, was founded nearly seven 
hundred and fifty years ago. The principal event in its history is the burning of it in 1812, for the purpose of dislodging the French from their winter quar¬ 
ters during the French and Russian war. The city is built with strange irregularities, having streets and numerous paltry lanes opening all at once into 
magnificent squares. It has a great number of churches and monasteries, and a university with one thousand students. This photograph represents the 
principal portion of the city and the river Moskva, on whose bank it is situated, with the Kremlin in the distance, piercing the air with its lofty spires. 

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WINTER PALACE, ST. PETERSBURG, RUSSIA.— This magnificent palace is fronted with a large number of Corinthian columns, which give it a form¬ 
idable yet beautiful appearance. On the top, along the front and sides, it is adorned by a number of statues representing various emblems and figures in 
Russian history. The most beautiful apartment of the edifice is the Salle Blanche, or white salon, where the court fetes are held. The room contains the 
crown jewels of Russia, and is decorated in pure white and gold. The effect is most dazzling. 

^5 




































THE CATHEDRAL, COLOGNE, GERMANY.— This building justly excites the admiration of every beholder, and is probably the most magnificent Gothic 
edifice in the world. It stands on a slight eminence, sixty feet above the Rhine. As early as the ninth century, an Episcopal church occupied the site, but the 
inhabitants regarded it to be unworthy, as compared with the prosperity of the city, and consequently started a new one. The foundation-stone of the 
present structure was laid on August 14, 1248. On the 15th of October, 1880, the completion of the cathedral was celebrated in the presence of William I. 

107 




























































BINGEN, GERMANY.— Bingen, a Hessian town or Prussia, with a population of 7100, is situated at the confluence of the Nahe and Rhine rivers. The 
Romans erected a castle here in 70, when a battle was fought between them and the Gauls. Bingen carries on a large trade in wine, starch and leather. 
The town is in a beautiful and highly picturesque country, and is visited by thousands of tourists during the summer season. On an island in the Rhine is 
the “ MaeusethurmJ” or “ Rat Tower,” a structure erected in the thirteenth century. Bingen is celebrated in song, poetry, story and history. 

109 














EHRENBREITSTEIN, GERMANY— This small town, with five thousand three hundred inhabitants, prettily situated in a valley, is crowned with the 
fortresses of Ehrenbreitstein and Asterstein, which are connected with Coblenz by a bridge of boats, about four hundred yards in length. The majestic fortress 
of Ehrenbreitstein rises opposite the influx of the Moselle, and is situated on a precipitous rock, three hundred and eighty-five feet above the Rhine, inaccessible 
on three sides, and connected with the neighboring heights on the north side only. The view from the top is one of the finest on the Rhine. It embraces the 
fertile Rhine Valley from Stolzenfels to Andernach. 


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ARIADNE ON THE PANTHER, BETHMANN’S MUSEUM, FRANKFORT-ON-THE-MAIN, GERMANY— This ex¬ 
quisite piece of sculpture is the masterpiece of Dannecker, a sculptor of Stuttgart, who is likewise famous for his bust 
of Schiller. Of the many subjects sculptured by Dannecker, Ariadne, especially, has a peculiar charm of novelty, 
which has made it a European favorite in a reduced size. It is perhaps the contrast between the delicacy of the female 
human form and the subdued rude force of the panther she rides, that attracts the admiration. 











UNIVERSITY BUILDING, LEIPSIC, GERMANY.— Leipsic is one of the great commercial cities of Germany, the centre of the German book-trade, the 
seat of the supreme law-courts of the German Empire, and contains one of the most ancient and important universities in Europe. The interior of the city 
consists of lofty and closely built houses, dating chiefly from the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, and is surrounded by five handsome suburbs, beyond 
which is a series of villages, almost adjacent to the town. The above picture represents one of the University buildings. 

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UNTER DEN LINDEN, BERLIN, GERMANY.— Berlin, the capital of Prussia and the home of the Emperor, with its large and beautiful buildings and 
iis regularity of streets, ranks among the finest cities in Europe. The most noted street is that called “ Unter den Linden,” the city’s pride, a broad and 
imposing thoroughfare, resembling the boulevards of Paris. It contains four rows of trees, ornamented at one end by the Brandenburg Gate, and at the 
other by the equestrian statue of Frederick the Great, well represented by this photograph. The palace of the king, different gardens, the aquarial 
museum and many other noted buildings border on “ Unter den Linden,” which is nearly a mile long, and thronged all day with pedestrians. 

117 












































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ROYAL PALACE, BERLIN, Germany. This palace, six hundred and fifty feet long, three hundred and eighty feet wide, and rectangular in form, rises 
in four stories to the height of one hundred feet, while the dome on the right is two hundred and thirty feet high. In the time of Frederick the Great it served 
asa residence tor ail the members of the royal family, contained all the royal collections, and was the seat of several government officials. Now it is used for 
reception rooms, and a dwelling for royal officials. The exterior of the palace is massive and imposing ; the interior is beautifully embellished. 

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THE BRANDENBURG GATE, BERLIN, GERMANY.— The Brandenburg Gate, forming the entrance to Berlin, from the Thiergarten, was erected in 
1793 in imitation of the Propylrea at Athens. It is 85 feet high and 205 feet wide, and has five different passages, separated by massive Doric columns. 
It is at the one end of “ Unter den Linden,” and its middle passage is reserved for royal carriages only. The material is sandstone, and it is surmounted 
by a Quadriga of Victory from copper, taken to Paris by Napoleon in 1807, but restored in 1814. On the side are two wings resembling Grecian Temples, 
pne of which is a pneumatic post-office and the other a guard-house. Both combine in their construction, strength, elegance and beauty. 

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THE HISTORIC WINDMILL, POTSDAM, GERMANY. —Potsdam is almost entirely surrounded by a fringe cf 
royal palaces, parks and pleasure-grounds. Here is located the palace of Sanssouci. Adjacent to the palace is the 
famous windmill, now royal property, which its owner refused to sell to the King, meeting threatened violence by an 
appeal to the judges of its supreme court. 



















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MAGDALENE (BY BATTONI), 

Dresden Gallery, 

Dresden, Germany. 















BIRD’S-EYE VIEW OF PARIS, FRANCE.— Paris, the largest city in the French Republic, and its capital, covers an area of thirty square miles, with a 
population of about two millions. The river Seine, which flows through the centre of the city, is spanned by twenty-eight bridges, of which the seven 
principal are shown on this photograph. The city is noted for its fine parks, magnificent churches, colossal buildings, and wide boulevards, of which 
the Champs Elysees is the most famous. Paris is the centre of the political, artistic, scientific, commercial and industrial life of the nation. 

133 





































PLACE DE LA CONCORDE, PARIS, FRANCE.— Place de la Concorde, one of the most beautiful and extensive public parks in Paris, being con¬ 
sidered, by the best authorities, the finest in the world, is bounded by the Seine, Champs Elysees, Tuileries and Rue de Rivoli. Numerous historical asso¬ 
ciations are connected with the place. The guillotine did much bloody work here during 1793 - 4-5 ; upwards of 2800 people perished by it. Foreign troops 
frequently bivouacked on the square when Paris was in their power. The Obelisk of Luxor, a Monolith or single block of reddish granite seventy-six feet 
high was presented to Louis Phillipi by Mohamed Ali and erected in the centre of the Place. It adds very much to the interest of the park. 

135 






























MADELEINE, PARIS, FRANCE.— The foundation of this church was laid by Louis XV. in 1764. The Revolution found the edifice unfinished, and 
Napoleon 1 . ordered the building to be completed as a “ Temple of Glory.” Louis XVlil., however, returned to the original intention of making it a church. 
The edifice was finally completed in 1842, and the amount of money expended was upwards of $2, 500,000. It stands on a basement, surrounded by massive 
Corinthian columns. The building, which is destitute of windows, is constructed exclusively of stone, light being admitted through sky-lights in the roof. 

137 


















































































OPERA HOUSE, PARIS, FRANCE.— This is a most sumptuous edifice, completed in 1874, and covering an area of nearly three acres. Nothing can sur¬ 
pass the magnificence of the materials with which it is decorated, and for which almost all Europe has made contributions. Sweden and Scotland yielded 
a supply of green and red granite; from Italy were brought the yellow and white marbles ; from Finland, red porphyry; from Spain “ brocatello ; ” and 
from France, other marbles of various colors. The cost of the site was over $2,000,000, and that of the building nearly $8,000,000. 


139 





















































GREAT BOULEVARDS, PARIS, FRANCE. —The splendid line of streets, known as the Great Boulevards, which extend on the north side of the Seine, 
from the Madeleine at one end, to the Bastile at the other, was originally the line of fortifications or bulwarks of the city of Paris. In 1670, the city having 
extended northward far beyond the fortifications, the moats were filled up, the walls destroyed and the above boulevards formed. This photograph represents 
the Grand Hotel at the corner of the Place de f Opera. 


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Constitution, Strength and Freedom. 




































VENDOME COLUMN, PARIS, FRANCE.—Here is an imitation of Trajan’s column at Rome. It is one hundred 
and forty-two feet high, and thirteen feet in diameter, and was erected by the order of Napoleon I., from 1806 to 1810 
to commemorate his victories in 1805, over the Russians and Austrians. The figures on the spiral column represent 
memorable scenes, from the breaking up of the camp at Boulogne, to the battle of Austerlitz. The metal of these 
figures was obtained by melting twelve thousand Russian and Austrian cannons. The top is a statue of Napoleon 



























ROYAL PALACE, PARIS, FRANCE.— The above palace, erected by Cardinal Richelieu in 1634, was occupied after his death by Anne of Austria the 
widow of Louis XIII., with her sons, Louis XIV. and Philip of Orleans, then in their minority, in 1815 the Orleans family regained possession of the Pal lis 
Royal; and it was occupied by Louis Philippe to 1830. Shortly before the outbreak of the revolution of July, he gave a sumptuous bail here in honor of 
Neapolitan notabilities then visiting Paris. In 1871, the Communists set the Palais Royal on fire, but it has since been carefully restored. 

'47 











































































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CATHEDRAL OF NOTRE DAME, PARIS, FRANCE.— Founded in 1163, but not completed until the thirteenth century. Since then the building has 
been frequently altered. During the Revolution the cathedral was sadly desecrated. The side chapels were devoted to orgies of various kinds. In 1802 it 
was again re-opened by Napoleon as a palace of divine worship. During 1871 Notre Dame was desecrated by the Communists. The treasury was rifled and 
the building used as a military depot. When the insurgents were compelled to retreat, they set fire to the church, but fortunately little damage was done. 

149 





















PALACE OF JUSTICE, PARIS, FRANCE. —This palace, occupying the site of the ancient palace of the kings of France, was presented by Charles VIII., 
in 1431, to the Parliament or Supreme Court of Justice. The palace was so much injured by fire in 1618 and in 1776, that nothing of it now remains except 
the two round domes which are seen on the right of the picture. The bridge seen in connection with the avenue in the foreground, spans the Seine, having 
been built by Napoleon, while the avenue itself leads to the Exchange. 


151 






























ARC OF TRIUMPH, PARIS, FRANCE.— This is the finest triumphal arch in existence. It is situated at one end of the Champs Elysees, on an eminence, 
and can be seen from nearly every part of the city. Twelve magnificent avenues radiate from it, nearly all of them sloping upward to the arch. It was 
commenced by Napoleon I. in 1806, and completed by Louis Philippe in 1836, at a cost of $2,000,000. 

153 








































DOME DES INVALIDES, PARIS, FRANCE.— The beautiful gilded dome, three hundred and forty feet high, which 
surmounts the church of the Invalides, and which can be seen at a great distance, is built on the north side of the 
Seine, and forms a part of the Hotel des Invalides. The Hotel des Invalides, founded in 1670 by Louis XIV., for aged 
veterans, covers an area of thirty-one acres. Immediately under the gilded dome, is a crypt below the floor,’ contain¬ 
ing the tomb of Napoleon. 
























































































TOMB OF NAPOLEON, PARIS, FRANCE.— This tomb is situated beneath the Dome des Invalides, in an open circular crypt, twenty feet in depth and 
thirty-six feet in diameter. The walls are of polished granite, adorned with ten marble reliefs. On the mosaic pavement rises the Sarcophagus, thirteen 
feet long, six and one-half feet wide, and fourteen and one-half feet high, a huge block of reddish-brown granite, weighing sixty-seven tons, and costing 
$30,000. At the further end of the crypt appears Napoleon’s last request: “ 1 wish that my ashes rest on the banks of the Seine, in the midst of the French 
people, whom I loved so well.” To these words, as well as to the tomb of the great leader, every Frenchman reverts with pride. 




























































































EIFFEL TOWER, PARIS, FRANCE.— This enormous monument surpasses anything of the kind hitherto erected. 
From all parts of the city its graceful head may be seen, completely dwarfing into insignificance every public building 
and spire that Paris contains. It has three platforms. The first, of vast extent and comfortably arranged for many 
hundred visitors at a time, contains cafes and restaurants. The second is 376 feet from the ground, and the third, 863 
feet. The total height of the tower is 985 feet, being the loftiest monument in the world. 
































































LOUVRE BUILDINGS, PARIS, FRANCE.— Here are presented the most important public buildings in Paris, both architecturally and on account of the 
treasures of art they contain. The oldest part of the Louvre has been the scene of many historical events. It is divided into two different sections, the 
ground floor being devoted to an Egyptian museum. The other apartments contain the Asiatic museum, collections of ancient sculpture, collections of 
Renaissance sculpture, collections of modern sculpture, a picture-gallery, a salon of the ancient bronzes, and a collection of Greek and other antiquities. 

161 










































































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TOMB OF PHILLIPPE POT, 

Louvre Gallery, 

Paris, France. 































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Paris France. 












ARREST IN THE VILLAGE (BY SALMSON), 

LUXEMBOURG GALLERY, 

Paris, France. 

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PAYING THE REAPERS (BY LHERMITTE), LUXEMBOURG GALLERY, PARIS, FRANCE. —This famous painting, from which the photograph is a 
direct copy, represents a farm scene. The laborers have just finished their day’s work. The man with the scythe, rolled-up sleeves and open shirt, is a 
genuine representation of an honest and industrious laborer. The expression on his face shows a tired look, but a spirit of contentment gently steals 
over his face, which nearly all true and honest country people possess after a day’s hard labor. 

177 




















IGNORANCE (BY J. COMERRE PATON), LUXEMBOURG GALLERY, PARIS, FRANCE.—This is one of the most celebrated paintings by this popular 
artist. The outlines of the girl are perfect. The graceful curves of the arms, the sweet expression of the face and the tender look of the eyes are all 
charmingly beautiful. The tiny cap, the loose garment, the uncovered feet, the bare arms, and the comfortable position of the girl, all add to her beauty. 
In the photograph the blended colors of the original painting are lost, yet the subject can be well studied from this copy. 

179 















ROYAL PALACE, VERSAILLES, FRANCE.—This palace presents a most imposing appearance; the principal facade is no less than one-fourth of a mile 
lo n g The building’dates back, for the erection cf its various parts, to several different periods, and was the royal residence of the various rulers of France. 
It has remained uninhabited since it was sacked by a Parisian mob, which included many thousand women. The various halls and rooms are now devoted 
to the use of most interesting picture galleries. 






























ROYAL CARRIAGE, VERSAILLES, FRANCE. —In the Museum of Carriages at Versailles is a collection of royal vehicles from the time of the first 
Emperor to the baptism of the Prince Imperial in 1856, besides sledges of the time of Louis XIV., and sedan chairs. The royal carriage in the picture is 
that of Charles X., afterwards used by Napoleon on various occasions, the letter “ N ” being still seen on the drapery adorning the seat. The carriage is 
valued at $ 200,000, and considered one of the finest vehicles of its kind in the world. 

183 














































































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LAST VICTIMS OF THE REIGN OF TERROR (BY MULLER), VERSAILLES GALLERY, VERSAILLES, FRANCE.— The French Revolution, more 
commonly termed the “Reign of Terror,” is perhaps unparalleled in the history of civilized countries. Hundreds of citizens were guillotined, and when 
that process proved too slow, they were shot down by platoon-fire. The picture represents a prison scene crowded with “suspects.” The officer to the 
right, with a list of condemned criminals, calls out the names of those to be put to death, each one fearing that his or her name will be next called to join 
the procession to the guillotine on the Place de la Concorde. The photograph presents a view of the last victims of that terrible war. 

185 


















































NAPOLEON AT AUSTERL 1 TZ (BY VERNET), VERSAILLES GALLERY, VERSAILLES, FRANCE.— The conqueror here views the progress of the 
battle between the French troops, numbering 90,000 men, and the allied forces of fully 80,000. Napoleon, on his white horse, receives reports from his 
generals in the field, while with his field-glass he watches the advancing columns of both sides. This decisive battle was witnessed by three Emperors, 
those of France, Russia and Austria, and resulted in a glorious victory for Napoleon and the French. A treaty of peace followed between France and 
Austria ; but it was of short duration, for the dangerous ambition of Napoleon could not fail co force all European nations into alliance. 

1S7 

















ROYAL PALACE, FONTAINEBLEAU, FRANCE.— This palace, situated on the south-west side of the town, is said to occupy the site of a former forti¬ 
fied chateau, founded in 1162. It was Francis I., however, who converted the mediaeval fortress into a palace of almost unparalleled extent and magnifi¬ 
cence. The exterior is less imposing than that of some other contemporaneous edifices, as the building, with the exception of several pavilions, is only 
two stories in height. It was a favorite residence of Napoleon. 

1S9 


































































THRONE ROOM, FONTAINEBLEAU PALACE, FRANCE.— This magnificent hall, with a ceiling in relief, containing a chandelier in rock-crystal, and 
wainscoated in the reign of Louis XIV., is perhaps the most sumptuous apartment of the palace. From here Napoleon almost ruled the world. The can¬ 
opy of the throne rises by graceful folds to the rim of a high crown. The bees and the letter “ N ” on the chair, and on either side of the throne, are sym¬ 
bolical of Napoleon. It was in this same room where the Emperor declared his divorce from Josephine. 

191 









































































APARTMENT OF TAPESTRIES, FONTAINEBLEAU PALACE, FRANCE.— This room is embellished with tapestry from Flanders, woven into the myth 
of Psyche. The ceiling is in relief, the old-fashioned mantel-piece dating back to the sixteenth century, while the vases and clock are the finest Sevres 
ware. The table in the centre is the same one on which Napoleon signed his abdication before taking his parting leave from his old Guard on the 20th of 
April, 1814, to go into exile at Elba. The floor of inlaid polished wood has been much worn by the feet of travellers passing through the palace daily. 

193 



































































APARTMENT OF MME. DE MAINTENON, FONTAINEBLEAU PALACE, FRANCE.—Madame de Maintenon was the second wife of Louis XIV., 
although no written proof of such a marriage is extant; but, that it took place, is nevertheless certain. As a wife, she was wholly admirable ; she had to 
entertain a man that would not be amused, and was obliged to submit to a terribly strict court etiquette of absolute obedience to the King’s inclinations. 
This she always did cheerfully, and never complained of weariness or illness. Her apartments still appear as they did when occupied by her. 

195 





































































NICE FRANCE.-Superbly situated on the shores of the Mediterranean is the city of Nice. In winter it is the rendezvous of invalids and others from 
all parts of Europe, who seek refuge here from the bleak and vigorous atmosphere of the North. The season begins with the races early in January, and 
closes with a great'regatta at the beginning of April; but visitors abound from October until May. In summer the place is deserted. 

197 



























































































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GENERAL VIEW OF MONACO, FRANCE. —This principality of Europe, French in language, but Italian in tradition, is located in the southern paitof 
France, on the Mediterranean Sea. Its area is six square miles, and consists principally of the town of Monaco and its suburbs, which stand on a high promon¬ 
tory. Monaco has a fine palace, a new cathedral, a college, a noted casino, where gambling is licensed to pay with its profits the State expenses; it has also 
manufactories of spirits, fine pottery, bricks, perfumery, and objects of myth. The principality is now virtually under French control. 

199 









GAMING HALL, MONTE CARLO, FRANCE. —Every portion of the interior of the Casino, of which the gaming-rooms are a part, is luxuriously fitted 
up. The ceilings are elaborately frescoed, while the walls and niches are adorned with works of art. Admission to the above room is obtained free upon 
presentation of a visiting card at the office. The games in progress from 11 A. M. until 11 P. M., are generally roulette, and patronized by men and women 
of all ages and from all countries. For the student of human nature, the gambling halls present an excellent opportunity to study mankind. 


201 








































MADRID SPAIN._General view. This city is finely situated on a wide plain of the Guadalquivir, it contains an abundance of wealth and power, and is 

famous for its oranges and women. The city is very old, its history dating back as far as 600. It is noted for being the birthplace of many distinguished 
Spaniards. Magellan, the famous navigator, sailed from here in 1519, to discover Magellan Strait. The winter season is very mild and pleasant, and there 
is not a day in the whole year in which the sun does not shine. 


203 




























ALHAMBRA, GRANADA, SPAIN.—The ancient fortress and residence of the Moorish monarchs of Granada lies on a hill, overlooking the city of 
Granada. The building was erected chiefly between 1248 and 1354. Until the expulsion of the Moors, in 1432, the edifice was the most magnificent and 
the best fortified royal residence in the world. The conquerors, by numerous acts of vandalism, spoiled the marvelous beauty of the Alhambra. In 1821 
the ancient pile was shattered by an earthquake. Its restoration was ordered by Isabella, and the work begun with considerable skill, but the sums of 
money devoted to it were too small for this satisfactory accomplishment. 


205 

























































INTERIOR OF THE ALHAMBRA, GRANADA, SPAIN. —The interior of this palace stands unrivaled in the gorgeous splendor of its halls, and the ex¬ 
quisite beauty of its decorations. Everything contributed to render it the most splendid abode of oriental magnificence. Everywhere are seen the evi¬ 
dences of the delicate taste and the artistic luxury of the Moors. Spacious courts, with marble pillars and fretted ceilings, colored and gilt partitions, fila¬ 
gree stuccos of veil-like transparency, all distinguished by airy lightness and grace, are among the main features of this terrestial paradise. The colors 
chiefly employed are blue, red, and a gulden yellow. 


207 

























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INTERIOR GREAT MOSQUE, CORDOVA, SPAIN.—This magnificent building was begun in 784 and completed in 793. It is of typical Arabian archi¬ 
tecture. Though afterwards enlarged and to some extent injured by additions—the work of the Christians—it still remains but little altered, except by the 
loss of its exquisitely carved and inlaid wood ceiling. In spite of neglect, this Mosque is still one of the most imposing buildings in the world. Long ranges 
of aisles seem to stretch almost endlessly in every direction, and each range of pillars appears to lose itself in the gloom of distance, so that from no point 
can any idea be formed of what is the real size of the whole building. 


209 















































BULL FIGHT, Seville, SPAIN.— This photograph represents the great bull-ring of the city, with a capacity for eighteen thousand people and crowded 
with spectators to witness the great national amusement. A general holiday prevails on such occasions. Every one, rich and poor, possessing a grain of 
taste for bloody scenes and striking spectacles, can be found in the Amphitheatre on such occasions. The show generally lasts for several hours, 
during which several bulls, more horses, and, not unfrequently, men are killed in the combat. 

211 



















































GIBRALTAR, SPAIN.— This remarkable fortress, which is a strongly fortified rock at the southern extremity of Spain, and forms the key to the Mediter¬ 
ranean, is connected with the continent by a low, sandy isthmus, one and one-half miles long, and three-fourths of a mile wide. The highest point of the 
rock is'about one thousand four hundred feet above the sea-level. Vast sums of money and immense labor have been spent in fortifying this stronghold. 
The water for the supply of the town and garrison is collected during the rainy season, the roofs of the houses gathering all the falling rain. 

213 




























LISBON, PORTUGAL. —This interesting city is situated on the Tagus, near the Atlantic Ocean. The length of the city is four miles, and its breadth about 
two miles. Lisbon is nobly situated for commerce, and has the finest harbor in the world. The earthquake of 1755 , traces of which are still visible, de¬ 
stroyed a considerable portion of it, and killed about sixty thousand of its inhabitants. This photograph is a correct representation of the better portion of the 
city and harbor. 


215 



























KIRCHENFELD BRIDGE, BERNE, SWITZERLAND. —The above structure is a huge iron bridge, seven hundred and fifty-one feet long, built in 1882-1S83, 
across the river Aare, from the town proper to Helvetia Platz, where a new quarter of the town is being built by an English company. In the foreground are 
the terrace-like hot-houses and gardens of the peasants, who earn their livelihood by supplying the inhabitants of Berne with vegetables from their little farms. 
From the top of the bridge, in clear weather, the Bernese Alps can be seen better than from any other point in the Oberland. 

217 


















































































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PEASANT WOMAN, SWITZERLAND.—Here is a photograph of a Swiss girl on her way to church. She presents 
a true type of her sex, being well-developed, refined and accomplished. These peasants are fond of gorgeous 
apparel, and on holidays and Sundays present a very pleasing spectacle. Their head-dress is particularly striking, 
consisting of a cap adorned with fine stiff lace, so arranged as to form a sort of fan at the back of the head. They 
all dress in similar costumes, which are both comfortable and attractive. 


















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INTERLAKEN AND THE JUNGFRAU, SWITZERLAND— The low land between lakes Thun and Brienz, is called “ Brodeli.” These lakes once prob¬ 
ably formed a single sheet of water, but were gradually separated by deposit carried from the mountain-sides. On this piece of land, “ between the lakes,” 
lies Interlaken. The town is a favorite summer resort and is noted for its mild and equal temperature. The above picture gives a general idea of the place, 
with the Jungfrau nine miles in the distance. ^ 

















A THOUSAND FOOT CHASM, GRINDELWAI.D, SWITZERLAND. —The above picture represents a chasm over a 
thousand feet in depth, with an almost perpendicular wall of rock rising on both sides. It has been cut down to its 
present level by the waters of the melting snows and ice on the mountain above, and strongly impresses the beholder 
with the power of the wheel of time. The stream in the foreground is only one of the many that rise into the dashing 
torrents within a hundred yards from their source in the Alpine country. 







































BRUNIG PASS, SWITZERLAND.— There is, perhaps, no other country in the world that can boast of such expensive and magnificent public roads as 
Switzerland. This picture represents the over-hanging rock of the Brunig Pass, on the way from Lucerne to Interlaken. High up, along the mountain-side, 
the road winds its way, affording to the beholder a magnificent panorama of the distant snow-fields above, and the green valleys and placid lakes below. 

227 

























LUCERNE, SWITZERLAND. —The above is the capital of the canton of Lucerne, and one of the three seats of the Swiss Diet on the Reuss, located twenty- 
five miles from Zurich by rail. It is highly picturesque, enclosed by a wall and watch-towers. The principal edifices are a cathedral and other fine churches, 
several convents, a town hall, an arsenal with ancient armor, two hospitals, an orphan asylum, jail, theatre, and covered bridges adorned with ancient paint¬ 
ings. It is a very attractive summer resort, the above picture showing its principal promenade. 

229 





















RIGI, SWITZERLAND. —The Rigi is a group of mountains about twenty-five miles in circumference, lying between 
lakes Lucerne, Zug and Lowerz. The north side is precipitous, but the south side consists of broad terraces and gentle 
slopes, covered with fresh, green pastures, which support upwards of four thousand head of cattle ; it is planted 
toward the base with fig, chestnut and almond trees. The photograph represents the Rigi inclined railway. 







































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RIGI-KULM, SWITZERLAND. —The summit of the Rigi, owing to its isolated position, commands an extensive view, three hundred miles in circumfer¬ 
ence, that is unsurpassed for beauty in Switzerland. In 1816 a very modest hotel was erected on the Kulm by private subscriptions, and in 1848 it was 
superseded by the oldest of the three houses on the Kulm. Since then the number of inns has been steadily increasing, and the Rigi is now one of the most 
popular Swiss resorts, and is visited by thousands of tourists yearly. 


233 
















































































PILATUS, SWITZERLAND.— This lofty mountain rises boldly in a rugged and imposing mass, almost isolated from the surrounding heights. Pilatus was 
formerly one of the best known Swiss mountains, but in later years it was supplanted by the Rigi. An inclined railway extends from the base to the sum¬ 
mit, and is said to be one of the boldest undertakings of its kind ever carried through. Many legends are connected with Pilatus. One of the oldest is, that 
when Pontius Pilate was banished from Galilee he fled hither, and, in the bitterness of his remorse, drowned himself in the lake. 

235 
























































SIMPLON’S PASS, SWITZERLAND.— This is the first Alpine route after Brenner, constructed by order of Napoleon I. A good walker may easily outstrip 
the “diligence”'in ascending from either side, especially if he-takes short cuts. At the highest point of the Simplon is a large building, with a lofty flight 
of stairs, founded bv Napoleon, for the reception of travellers, and subject to the same rules as that of the great St. Bernard. This famous mountain-road is 
seen in the foreground passing through the town of Simplon, a little village in the very heart of the Alps. 

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ZERMATT AND THE MATTERHORN, SWITZERLAND.— The former lies in a green valley, with pine-dad slopes, while to the left rises the hugh rock- 
pyramid of the Matterhorn. In no other locality is the traveller so completely admitted into the heart of the Alpine world as here. The Matterhorn was 
ascended for the first time on the 14th of July, 1865, but the ascent is now frequently made. The rock has been blasted at the most difficult points, and a 
rope attached to it, so that the most formidable difficulties have been removed ; but even now the ascent is seldom made by any but proficient climbers. 

239 















-- 




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CHAMOUNIX AND MONT BLANC, FRENCH ALPS. —This valley of the Alps of Savoy is much frequented in summer, owing to its immediate proximity 
to Mont Blanc. It is inferior in picturesqueness to some other portions of Switzerland, but superior in grandeur of its glaciers, in which respect it has no rival 
but Zermatt. The picture shows the little village of Chamounix, with its few hotels and peasant homes in the valley below, and the perpetual ice and snow 
in the background, seemingly but a few minutes’ walk away, yet requiring a good two hours’ journey on mule-back. Alpine distances are very deceptive. 


241 

























































































ENGELBERG, SWITZERLAND.— Engelberg is loftily and prettily situated in the great mountain region of the Alps, with a population of about two thou¬ 
sand inhabitants. The church which appears nearest the mountain, is quite ancient, but contains famous modern pictures. The snow-covered mountains, 
five miles in the distance, change the climate in summer, so that the tourist can wear an overcoat with comfort. The winters are very severe, and on account 
of the deep snows, the inhabitants are sometimes compelled to remain indoors for eight weeks. The houses and barns are generally under one roof. 

243 












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ST. GOTTHARD RAILWAY, SWITZERLAND. —The railway here passes through beautiful landscapes, richly wooded with walnut and chestnut trees, on 
the left bank of the Ticino. Numerous Campaniles in the Italian style, crowning the hills, have a very picturesque effect. The peaks above are covered with 
snow. From the cliffs on every side, fall cascades. Huge masses of rock lie scattered about. Three tunnels of the railway are seen in the picture, the 
latter making a descent of three hundred feet by means of two loop-tunnels, one below the other, in cork-screw fashion. 


245 





















































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AXENSTRASSE, SWITZERLAND. —This famous road extends nine miles along the Lake of Uri, from Brunnen to Fluelen, and is noted for the remarkable 
boldness displayed in its construction. It is to a great extent hewn out of solid rock, cut like a shelf into the side of the mountain, with occasional pillars 
to hold the thousands of tons of rock above, and a strong balustrade to guard travellers from tumbling over the abrupt precipice into the lake many feet 
below. It is the great highway leading from Switzerland to Italy, and is regarded as one of the most picturesque roads in the world. 

247 









PANORAMA OF VIENNA, AUSTRIA.— The capital of the Empire of Austria and residence of the Emperor, is situated in a plain surrounded by distant 
mountains, the Danube Canal flowing through a portion of the city. It was originally a Celtic settlement, dating back to 14 A. D. The streets of the 
present city are narrow, generally well-paved and enclosed by very lofty houses. A great number of old passages through the courts of houses, by means 
of which pedestrians may often make a short cut, are still seen. In the last quarter of a century, Vienna has acquired an importance as a seat of art. 

249 














HOTEL METROPOLE, VIENNA, AUSTRIA.—On a branch of the Danube, flowing through the heart of the city of Vienna, stands the Hotel Metropole, 
an enormous building, admirably adapted for travellers. The picture shows a prominent feature in the street architecture of Vienna ; and the Metropole is 
only one of the many private and public buildings of colossal dimensions which have sprung up within the last few years. The interiors of all these struc¬ 
tures are generally decorated throughout with painting and sculpture, which shows the perfection attained by the Vienese in the fine arts. 

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THESEUS (By CANOVA), VOLKSGARTEN, VIENNA, AUSTRIA. —In the centre of this pleasure-ground stands the 
Temple of Theseus, containing Canova’s fine marble group of the victory of Theseus over Centaur, originally des¬ 
tined by Napoleon 1 . for Milan. The figures are of heroic size. The victorious Theseus is represented as seated on 
the lifeless body of the monster, and the exhaustion that visibly pervades his whole frame, proves the terrible nature 
of the conflict in which he has been engaged. 
















SCHONBRUNN, VIENNA, AUSTRIA.— This sumptuous edifice, the summer palace of the Austrian Emperor, was completed by Maria Theresa in 1775. The 
building has a most imposing appearance. The gardens in the rear are open to the public. To the left of the principal avenue are the Roman ruins, the Obel¬ 
isk and the “ Schone Brunnen ” (beautiful fountain), from which the palace derives its name. Statues, vases and other objects of taste of the period are 
scattered about the ground. Extensive parks are attached to the palace. 


257 









































GALATA BRIDGE CONSTANTINOPLE, TURKEY.—Along the south shore of the Golden Horn spreads the quarter known as Stamboul, rising up to the 
crest of the hill and including the massive Mosque, “ Sultan Valide,” that crowns it. Beyond the bridge Galata and Pera streteh forward along the ridge 
that runs parallel with the northern shore. These places are connected with Constantinople by two bridges crossing the Golden Horn. The largest of 
these bridges is represented in the above picture. Unlike those of most other countries, people do not keep on the sidewalks, but wander along in any 
portion of the street. The scene on the Bridge of Galata affords an interesting subject for study. 

259 




















MOSQUE OF ST. SOPHIA, CONSTANTINOPLE, TURKEY— This is the finest and most important ecclesiastical building of the city. The first stone 
of the building was laid in 532, under Emperor Justinian. No fewer than ten thousand workmen are said to have been engaged, under the direction of 
one hundred master builders, and when the work was completed, it had cost the imperial treasury $5,000,000. The dome rises to the height of one hun¬ 
dred and eighty feet, and is one hundred and seven feet in diameter. To render it as light as possible, it was constructed of pumice stone and Rhodian 
bricks. Not long after its completion, the dome was shaken by an earthquake, 559 > but was immediately restored. 

26l 


































INTERIOR OF THE MOSQUE OF ST. SOPHIA, CONSTANTINOPLE TURKEY.— The whole interior of this noted structure is lined with costly mar¬ 
ble. To add to its splendor, the temples of the ancient gods at Heliopolis, Baalbec and Ephesus, at Delos, Athens and Cyzicus, were plundered of their 
columns. To secure the building from ravages of fire, no wood was employed in its construction except for the doors. The visitor cannot fail to be 
impressed by the bold span of the arches, and the still bolder sweep of the dome, while his eye is at once bewildered and charmed by the rich, if not alto¬ 
gether harmonious, variety of decorations, from the many colored pillars down to the mosaics and inscriptions on the walls. 

263 
































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MOSQUE OF SULTAN AHMED, CONSTANTINOPLE, TURKEY.— Of all the mosques in the Ottoman Empire, this is the principal one. It is not as 
richly decorated as St. Sophia, but it is the only one that possesses six minarets. It is located on a square called the Hippodrome, named after the spot 
that was in former years used for circus purposes. The exterior view gives it a magnificent appearance. The place is one of the chief objects of interest 
in the city. The crumbling monument in the foreground is a relic of antiquity, called the “ Obelisk of Emperor Constantin Porphyrogenetos.” 

267 




























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STREET MERCHANTS, CONSTANTINOPLE, TURKEY.—Street merchants are an institution in Constantinople. Bread venders, as represented in the 
photograph, are conspicuous amongst them. They occupy positions within the shadow of their places of worship, finding a ready sale there, it being the 
custom among the faithful, as they enter the Mosque, to buy bread for the poor assembled on the outside. Every Friday, at the Mosque of Bayezid, there 
is a distribution of bread to dogs, by benevolent Turks, to which troops of canines come from every part of the city. This charity is dispensed to gain the 
favor of Allah. 


271 














































ACROPOLIS, ATHENS. —The natural centre of all the settlements in the Attic plain within the historical period was the Acropolis, a rocky plateau of 
crystalline limestone, rising precipitously to a height of two hundred feet. The semi-mythical Pelasgi, of whom but a few isolated traces have been found 
in Attica, are said to have leveled the top, increased the natural steepness of the rock on three sides, and fortified the only accessible part by nine gates. It 
was the earliest seat of the Athenian kings, who here sat in judgment and assembled their councils, as well as of the chief sanctuaries of the State. 


273 





















PARTHENON, ATHENS, GREECE.— This structure is the most perfect monument of ancient art, and even in ruins presents an imposing and soul-stirring 
appearance, occupying the culminating point of the Acropolis. It was erected by Pericles, and opened for public worship in 438 B. C. The crowning glory 
of the Parthenon was its magnificent sculpture, ascribed to Phidias, registering the highest level ever attained in plastic art. The Parthenon was used as a 
Christian church in the sixth century. In 1460 it became a Turkish Mosque, and in 1687 the stately edifice was blown into ruins. 

27 s 














GRAND CATHEDRAL AND SQUARE, MILAN, ITALY.— This is the focus of the commercial and public life of the city, and is now enclosed by impos¬ 
ing edifices on every side. The celebrated Cathedral, the eighth wonder of the world, is next to St. Peter’s in Rome, the largest church in Europe. It covers 
an area of fourteen thousand square yards, and holds about forty thousand people. The building is in cruciform shape, with double aisles and transept. 
The interior is supported by fifty-two pillars, each twelve feet in diameter. The floor consists of mosaic, in marble of different colors. 

277 



























CORSO VENEZIA, MILAN, ITALY. —The principal shopping street of the city, and the favorite promenade of the Milanese is here represented. The 
buildings have a modern aspect, with little balconies at almost every window, which are often adorned with plants, flowers and creeping vines. The street, 
which is well paved, is wide, extending almost from house to house. The pavements are very narrow, consisting of only four smooth slabs of stone, laid side 
by side. The shop-windows are decorated in the most tempting style with the wares of the various merchants. The picture was secured in the early 
morning, giving the street a deserted look, which at all other times is crowded with people. 

279 



























EXPOSITION BUILDINGS, TURIN, ITALY.— The city of Turin was the capital of the county of Piedmont in the Middle Ages, and in 1418 it became 
subject to the Dukes of Savoy, who frequently resided here. From 1859 to 1865 it was the capital of Italy, and the residence of the King. It lies on an 
extensive plain on the banks of the River Po. Turin was the chief centre of those national struggles which led to a unification of Italy. The removal of the 
seat of government to Florence seriously impaired the prosperity of the city for a time, but it long since recovered, and celebrated its commercial success in 
1884 by the exhibition. 

281 

















DUKE FERDINAND OF GENOA, TURIN, ITALY.—In the centre of the Piazza Solferino stands the equestrian 
statue of Duke Ferdinand of Genoa, commanding-general at the battle of Novara. The statue was executed by 
Balzico, and is remarkable for the life-like expression of the wounded horse, with extended nostrils and gasping 
breath, sinking under the burden of his gallant rider. This piazza is one of the prettiest spots of Turin. Private 
residences face it on every side, with sloping lawns relieved by beds of flowers. 



































































































GENERAL VIEW OF GENOA, ITALY.— Genoa, with a population of about two hundred thousand, is located in the northern portion of the Peninsula, 
and is the principal seaport of Italy. The city is in the form of a crescent, and its gradual ascent from the shore, renders its appearance beautiful and attrac¬ 
tive. It is enclosed by a double line of fortifications, which place it among the leading fortified cities in Europe. A beautiful light-house on the west side, 
three hundred feet in height, stands like a sentinel on the edge of the bay. In the older portions of the city, the streets are only ten feet wide and are lined 
with high buildings on both sides. 

















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LEANING TOWER, PISA, ITALY —Pisa is principally noted for its famous “ Leaning Tower, ” begun in 1174, and built of white marble ; it is one hun¬ 
dred and seventy-eight feet high, and fronted with two hundred and seven columns. It is fifty feet in diameter, and leans thirteen feet from the per¬ 
pendicular. The foundation being made insufficiently solid, it began to incline before it was one-third completed. The Cathedral on the right was begun 
in 1604, and consecrated in 1618 by Pope Gelasius ; it contains the famous chandelier which Galileo saw swinging, and which led to his invention of the 
pendulum of the clock. The Baptistry, close by is noted for its marvelous echo. 

289 































PALACE OF THE DOGES, VENICE, ITALY. —This magnificent edifice, founded in 8co, and destroyed live times, lias as often been re-erected in grander 
style. The palace is flanked with colonnades, forming two pointed arcades on the south and west. I he upper portion of the building is constructed of red 
and white marble. The interior presents a noble specimen of Venetian art. Many famous masters are here represented, the subjects either portraying the 
glory of Venice, or being of a religious order. The Bridge of Sighs connects the palace with the prison adjoining, which contains a series of gloomy dun¬ 
geons, a torture chamber and a place of execution for political criminals. 


29I 


































GRAND CANAL, VENICE, ITALY.— This canal, the main artery of the traffic of Venice, nearly two miles in length, and thirty-three to sixty-six yards 
in width, intersects the city from north-west to south-east, dividing it into two unequal parts. Steam-launches, hundreds of gondolas and other vessels 
are seen gliding in every direction. Handsome houses and magnificent palaces rise on the banks, for this is the street of the Nobili , the ancient aristocracy 
of Venice. A barge, with a military band, navigates the canal every Sunday evening. A trip on the canal is extremely interesting; the posts are painted 
with the heraldic colors of their proprietors. 


293 




















„■ ...... 


CATHEDRAL OF ST. MARK, VENICE, ITALY. —Facing the piazza of St. Mark, which is in the heart of Venice, and the grand focus of attraction, 
rises tlie magnificent Cathedral of St. Mark, decorated with almost oriental splendor. The building dates back to the tenth and eleventh centuries, and 
portions of the materials used in its construction have been brought from almost every country in Europe. The ceiling of the interior is richly adorned 
with mosaics in the form of various noted paintings. Behind the High Altar repose the remains of St. Mark, while further back stand four spiral columns 
said to have belonged to the Temple of Solomon. The building to the right is the Ducal Palace. 

2 95 




































































































STREE T SCENE IN VENICE, ITALY. The capital of the Province of Venice is situated on the lagoons, a long 
breast of lowlands in the Adriatic. For a time it was the first maritime and commercial power of the world, and one 
of the finest cities in Europe, but now it is nothing but a vast museum. The eighty islands on which Venice is built 
are divided by wide and narrow canals, while small foot-paths wind throughout the city, occasionally crossing a 
canal, as is seen by the bridge in the above picture. Venice is popularly known as the “ Queen of the Adriatic.” 





























THE RIALTO, VENICE, ITALY— This famous bridge, one hundred and fifty-eight feet long and forty-six feet wide, rests on twelve hundred posts. It 
was erected from 1588 to ’1591. Its sides are lined with little shops, extending from a fish-market at one end, past jewelry-shops in the centre of the struc¬ 
ture, down to a fruit-market at tire other side. It always presents a busy appearance, and is considered a marvel of engineering skill, and one of the finest 
bridges in the world. The picture represents the annual parade on the Grand Canal, with the Rialto in the background, which is always the rallying centre 
on such occasions. 


299 


























THE CATHEDRAL. FLORENCE, ITALY.— This stately edifice, erected from 1294 to 1462, on the site of the earlier church of St. Reparata, is a striking 
example of Italian architecture. The church was finally consecrated in 1436, but the lantern on the top of the dome was not completed until 1462. The 
building is one hundred and eighty-five and one-half yards long, and one hundred and fourteen yards wide; the dome is three hundred feet high. The bell- 
tower, a square structure adjoining the cathedral, two hundred and ninety-two feet in height, is regarded as one of the finest existing works of its kind. 
It consists of four stories of richly decorated and colored marbles. 






















































VECCHIO BRIDGE, FLORENCE, ITALY.— Florence is Situated on both banks of the Arno, but by far the greatest part of the city lies on the right bank. 
The bridge in the picture dates back to tire fourteenth century, and is flanked on both sides with shops which have belonged to gold-smiths ever since their 
erection. It forms one of the principal bridgeways between the city proper and that portion of Florence which stands on the south bank of the Arno, and 
has always been considered one of the greatest sights of the town. 


3°3 































MONK, ITALY. —Monasticism primarily meant the state of dwelling alone; and then, by an easy and natural 
transition, it came to denote a life of poverty, celibacy and divine obedience under fixed rules of discipline. The rad¬ 
ical idea of the term, in all its varieties of age, creed and country, is the same, namely, retirement from society in 
search of some ideal life, which society cannot supply, but which is thought attainable by self-denial and withdrawal 
from the world. The picture represents an Italian monk in funeral attire. 


































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THE GRINDER, UFFIZ1 GALLERY, FLORENCE, ITALY. —This magnificent statue was found in Rome in the six¬ 
teenth century. It has never been exactly ascertained what it represents, but it is supposed to be a Scythian whet¬ 
ting his knife to flay Marsyas. 

313 












«... 



APP 1 AN WAY AND TOMB OF C/ECILIA METELLA, ITALY.— This military road, paved with stone blocks, and extending from Brindisi to Rome, 
was constructed by Appius Claudius Csecus, 312 B. C. Even at the present time its proud ancient title is that of the “ Queen ef Roads,” and it is remem¬ 
bered as being the way on which St. Paul came to Rome. The tomb of Caeciiia Metella, which forms an interesting and conspicuous object, is a circular 
structure sixty-five feet in diameter, erected in honor of the daughter of Metellus Creticus, wife of the younger Crassus, son of the triumvir. 

3*5 





















































■ 

' 




PYRAMID OF CESTIUS AND ST. PAUL GATE, ROME, ITALY.—The pyramid enclosed by Aurelian within the city and wall is the tomb of Caius 
Ccstius, who died in the vear 12 B. C. The Egyptian pvrainidical form was not unfrequently adopted by the Romans in theii tombs. That of Cestius 
is built of brick and covered with marble blocks. Immediately to the right of the pyramid is the Gate of St. Paul, leading on to the church of St. Paul 
beyond. Midway between the gate and church, legend says, St. Peter and St. Paul took leave of each other on their last journey. 

317 

















ROMAN FORUM, ROME, ITALY. —After the Sabine tribes were amalgamated into a single state, they chose the forum as its centre; and it was there 
that some of the most noted events in the history of the Roman Empire transpired. After the Samnite War, which resulted in the extension of Rome’s 
supremacy over all Italy, the forum became too small for its multifarious business; and therefore underwent many changes. After its destruction, during 
the Dark Ages, its remains were gradually buried beneath the rubbish and debris of some former centuries, but have recently been excavated. 

319 



















FORUM OF TRAJAN, ROME, ITALY— This forum, which adjoined that of Augustus, contained a collection of magnificent edifices, and is said to have 
been designed by Apollodorus of Damascus. Trajan’s Forum must have measured two hundred and twenty yards in width, and was probably of still 
greater length ; it was considered the most magnificent in Rome. On the north side of the Basilica rises Trajan’s Column, one hundred and forty-seven feet 
high, constructed entirely of marble. Around the column runs a spiral band, covered with admirable reliefs from Trajan’s War with the Dacians. Beneath 
this monument Trajan was interred : on the summit stood his statue, now replaced by St. Peter’s. 

321 






























































































BATHS OF CARACALLA, ROME, ITALY.—These ancient baths were begun in 212 by Caracalla, and completed by Alex. Severus, and they could 
accommodate 1600bathers at one time. The magnificence of these baths was unparalleled; numerous statues, including the Farnese Bull, Hercules and 
Flora at Naples, have been found here ; and the uncovered walls still bear testimony to the technical perfection of the structure. The establishment was 
quadrangular in form, and surrounded by a wall. 


323 














































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COLOSSEUM, ROME, ITALY. —The Colosseum, originally called the Amphitheatrum Flavium and completed by Titus in 80 A. D., was the largest 
theatre and one of the most imposing structures in the world. It was inaugurated by ioo days’ gladiatorial combats, in which 5000 wild animals were 
killed. It contained seats for 87,000 spectators. Only one-third of the gigantic structure now remains, yet the ruins are still stupendously impressive. 
The Colosseum has ever been a symbol of the greatness of Rome, and gave rise in the eighth century to a prophetic saying of the pilgrims: “ While stands 
the Colosseum, Rome shall stand ; when falls the Colosseum, Rome shall fall; and when Rome falls, with it shall fall the world ! ” 

325 
































INTERIOR OF COLOSSEUM, ROME, ITALY. —The arches of the first tier are marked by Roman numbers, as they formed so many entrances, 
through which, by means of internal stairways, the upper balconies were reached. The arena had two openings enclosed by railings of bronze, through 
which the gladiators and wild beasts entered. Above was the Podium, a place intended for the Emperors and their families, for the magistrates, the sena¬ 
tors, the priests and the vestals. Thousands of Christians in this place suffered martyrdom, by becoming the prey of wild beasts. The picture presents 
the imposing spectacle of the interior of this monument at the present day. 


327 













PANTHEON, ROME, ITALY.— This is the only ancient edifice at Rome which is still in perfect preservation, as regards the walls and vaulting. The 
original statues and architectural decorations have long since been replaced by modern and inferior works, but the huge circular structure with its vast col¬ 
onnade still presents a strikingly imposing appearance. The walls are twenty feet in thickness and were originally covered with marble and stucco. The 
height and diameter of the dome are each one hundred and forty feet. The opening of the dome at the top is thirty feet in diameter, and through this aper¬ 
ture the ancients supposed the gods to descend. The building is supposed to have been constructed in the first century B. C. 

329 

































































































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BRIDGE OF ST. ANGELO AND TOMB OF HADRIAN, ROME, ITALY.— This bridge is of most ancient construction. It was built by Hadrian in 
136 A. D., to connect his tomb with the city. Ten colossal angels, formerly much admired, and executed in 1688, testify to the low ebb of plastic art at that 
period. The tomb was built by Emperor Hadrian for himself and his successors. The massive circular tower stands on a square basement on the banks of 
the Tiber. The bronze statue of St. Michael, the Archangel, which is seen on the summit, gives the tower its present name, Castello S. Angelo. 

331 
















































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ST. PETER’S AND VATICAN, ROME, ITALY.— St. Peter’s is fronted by an elliptical piazza, enclosed by imposing colonnades, and is the largest and 
most beautiful Catholic Cathedral in the world ; it was founded by Constantine and erected where St. Peter is said to have suffered martyrdom. Its erec¬ 
tion and improvements cost over $50,000,000. The great Obelisk in the centre of the piazza, having no hieroglyphics, was brought from Heliopolis. The 
Vatican on the right is the Pope’s residence, and is elegantly fitted up, being adorned with paintings and statues by the world’s greatest masters. 

333 
































































INTERIOR OF ST. PETER’S, ROME, ITALY. —This most marvelous church in the world was built on the place where stood the temple of Jupiter 
Vaticanus. The first church here is said to have been built A. D., go. It was a memorial chapel to St. Peter, and was, according to tradition, erected on 
the spot where the saint was buried. Constantine built a Basilica on the site. The present structure, the glory of Michael Angelo, was begun about 1503. 
The picture shows the high altar with the statue of St. Peter to the very right. 

335 


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LA BALLERINA (BY CANOVA), ROME, ITALY.—Here is another of the masterpieces of this famous master-sculp¬ 
tor. it is hewn out of a solid block of marble, and comes under the head of “ grace and elegance,” one of the divi¬ 
sions of Canova’s works. This subject is a most striking one. Like all his other subjects of grace, it is in all its 
details, an expression of attitude, delicacy of finish and elegance. The profile is charming, the twist of the hair 
natural, and the lines and curves of the arms perfect, while the drapery is next to real. 



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TOLEDO STREET, NAPLES, ITALY. —This famous city is beautifully situated on the Bay of Naples, with Mount Vesuvius in the distance. Its charm¬ 
ing position has given rise to the phrase “ See Naples and die.” It was founded by the Greeks, and here Virgil spent his time in study, his tomb being one 
of the points of interest for travellers. The city is still surrounded by a w r all. It has often suffered from earthquakes and eiuptions. 1 he manufactures 
are numerous, of which macaroni and vermicelli are of first importance. The photograph represents Toledo Street, which intersects the city from south to 
north, and with its immense amount of well-conducted business, presents a very interesting sight. 

343 























CRATER OF MOUNT VESUVIUS, ITALY.—This volcano, with a crater of nearly a quarter of a mile in circumference, rises in lonely majesty from the 
Bay of Naples, and varies in height from 3900 to 4900 feet, according to the varied eruptions. Vesuvius in the time of Nero manifested itself by a fearful 
earthquake, damaging Herculaneum and Pompeii. An eruption occurred in 79 A. D. by which the two cities named were lost to the world for seventeen 
centuries. Another most terrific eruption occurred in 1631, by which a stone weighing twenty-five tons was thrown a distance of fifteen miles, and streams 
of lava poured from the summit, destroying over three thousand people. 


345 













STREET OF TOMBS, POMPEII, ITALY.—This photograph exhibits a suburb of Pompeii named Pagus Augustus Felix, in honor of Augustus; it lay 
outside the city walls. It consisted chiefly of one main street, which has been partly excavated. This is the so-called Street of Tombs. The ancient cus¬ 
tom of burying the dead by the side of a high road is well known. It has been ascertained that rows of graves, similar to those discovered here, exist 
beyond other gates of Pompeii. The Street of Tombs is, in point of situation, the most beautiful part of the town. 

347 




























CIVII FORUM POMPEII, ITALY.— The ancient market-place in the central part of Pompeii was destroyed by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 A. D. 
Tire forum has been excavated during the present century, and found to be five hundred and fifteen feet long and one hundred and seven feet wide; it is 
surrounded bv granite columns of the Doric order. From the discoveries made, it is supposed that the forum was far from complete when the eruption 
occurred. The smoking mountain is still seen in the distance, while the ruins of the ancient market stand prominent in the foreground of this photograph. 
The forum is a most interesting spot, and is familiar to all readers of “ The Last Days of Pompeii.” 

349 



























































































GENERAL VIEW AND LANDING, ISLAND OF CAPRI, ITALY.—This is a small mountainous island of oblong form; its picturesque outline forms one of 
the most charming points in the view of the Bay of Naples. The highest point is the Monte Solaro, nineteen hundred and twenty feet above the level of the sea. 
The island which contains five thousand inhabitants and the two small towns of Capri and Anacapri, yields fruit, oil and excellent red and white wines in 
abundance! The inhabitants receive their support mainly from strangers who visit the island yearly to the number of thirty thousand. The above picture 
shows the principal landing-place of Capri, also noted for the unique Blue Grotto. 

351 

















CASTELLO, ISLAND of Ischia, ITALY. —The climate of these charming islands is genial, the sky rarely overcast, the winters mild, the inhabitants 
bounteously supplied with the necessaries of life, and the sick with healing springs. Trees, shrubs and all kinds of plants thrive luxuriantly in this volcanic 
soil. Here and there are observed groves of young oaks and chestnuts. The inhabitants are distinguished by a peculiar costume, dialect and figure. 
Fashion is unknown ; not one of the islands can boast of a horse or carriage. Castello, in the foreground, is a most curious volcanic formation. 

353 








HARBOR, ALEXANDRIA, EGYPT.—The perfectly flat coast of Egypt, and even Alexandria itself, are not visible to the steam-boat passenger until very 
shortly before the vessel enters the harbor. The latter consists of an outer breakwater, forming an obtuse angle nearly two miles in length. A second pier, 
nearly a mile in length, protects an inner harbor covering nearly five hundred acres of water, twenty-seven feet deep. No fewer than thirty thousand 
artificial blocks, weighing twenty tons each, and two million tons of natural blocks of stone were used in the construction of these magnificent harbor works. 


355 































PLACE OF MEHEMET ALI, ALEXANDRIA, EGYPT. — 1 he site of this open square is embellished with trees and fountains. It became a scene of 
destruction during 1882. In the centre rises the equestrian statue of Mohammed ’Ali, the founder of the reigning dynasty of Egypt. The Mohammedan 
religion forbids the pictorial or plastic representations of the human form. The erection of this monument was long opposed by the Ulama, or chief professor 
of divine and legal learning. The buildings on both sides are shops. That at the further end is the English church. 

357 






























EGYPTIAN CEMETERY, ALEXANDRIA, EGYPT.—This sacred burial ground is located at Alexandria, Egypt. In the distance rises Pompey’s 
Column. This handsome monument does not derive its name from Pompey the Great, who was murdered on the Egyptian coast after the battle 
of Pharasalia, but from the Roman prefect Pompeius, who, according to the inscription, erected it in honor of the unconquered Diocletian, “defender 
of the city of Alexandria.” 


359 





















CITADEL, Cairo, EGYPT.— This citadel affords a magnificent view of the city and surrounding country. It was erected in 1166, and built by stones 
taken from the small pyramids at Gizeh, the site having been selected, according to Arabian history, owing to the fact that meat could be kept here fresh 
twice as long as in any other part of Cairo. The fortress commands the city, yet its site is unfavorable, as a commanding height close by compelled its 
surrender during the wars of 1805. 

361 

























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STREET SCENE, CAIRO, EGYPT—Most of the streets in the old part of the town are unpaved, inaccessible to 
carriages, and often excessively dirty. They present an inexhaustible field of amusement and delight, admirably 
illustrating the whole world of oriental fiction. The lanes separating the rows of houses in the Arabian quarter are 
so narrow that the projecting balconies of harems, with their gratings, often nearly meet. Rickety, tumbling houses 
of every variety of oriental architecture strike the beholder at every turn, as is illustrated above. 





























































PALACE OF GEZIREH, CAIRO, EGYPT.— This palace is located on the Nile, at one end of a park by the same name. Its external appearance is simple. 
All the distinguished guests who were invited to attend the ceremony of the opening of the Suez Canal were entertained here. The building is State property 
and rarely occupied. The interior is furnished in the most sumptuous and elaborate manner. The onyx mantel-pieces, with mirrors, cost each $15,000. 
Portions of the palace are fitted up in suites of apartments for visitors, each consisting of bed-room, dressing-room and sitting-room. 

367 

















































ON CAMEL-BACK, EGYPT.—To people accustomed to all the comforts and luxuries of the world, who have never experienced desert tent-life, nor 
travelled through countries where there are no people to consult, it is hard to convey an idea of oriental camel-back travelling. The “ ship of the desert” 
is a most faithful animal, and loved by his master as much as a child ; but his back affords a very uncomfortable seat. The long backward and forward 
motion recalls to the rider the swells of the sea. The above picture is a perfect specimen of hundreds of such caravans during the travelling season. 

369 




































PYRAMIDS OF GIZEH, EGYPT.—Here are represented the great Pyramids of Gizeh, occupying a plateau gradually ascending from east to west, parts of 
which are very precipitous at places. The three pyramids are so situated on this plateau as to face the four points of the compass, although the magnet 
shows a deviation towards the west. The Sphinx is situated close by. Numerous tombs, almost all in ruins, surround these pyramids, and extend over the 
plateau to the east. They are sometimes hewn in the form of grottoes in the external rocky slope. 

37 : 












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THE SPHINX, EGYPT— 

“ Since what unnumbered year, 
Hast thou kept watch and ward, 
And o’er the buried Land of Fear, 
So grimly held thy guard? ” 


“ No faithless slumber snatching, 

Still couched in silence brave, 

Like some fierce hound long watching, 
Above her master’s grave.” 


375 





































































































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IN CENTRAL AFRICA.— No country in the world creates more interest among the civilized nations than does 
Africa. In the far interior, where African explorers have failed to find traces of the outer world, every variety of 
savage humanity exists. These uncivilized people, who know nothing of the progress of nations, live in tribes, 
preying upon each other’s settlements, whenever opportunity presents itself. The above picture represents the typ¬ 
ical natives of the Dark Continent. 















LANDING ON SUEZ CANAL, EGYPT.—The Suez Canal, which connects the Red Sea with the Mediterranean, was begun April 25, 1859, and fully 
completed March 18, 1869. During the time of construction, which lasted ten years, 25,000 men were employed, and 1600 camels to supply them with water. 
The cost of constructing the canal was $95,000,000, part of which was raised by shareholders and the balance by the Khedive. This picture represents a 
landing stage and one of the English trading vessels, sailing between England and India. A number of camels and Arabs are seen on a ferry-boat, ready 
to be taken across the canal, the latter furnishing the great highway for all European vessels sailing to or from the Orient, 

381 































POST OFFICE, SUEZ, EGYPT.—The site of this town is naturally an absolute desert, and, until the water of the Nile was introduced by the fresh water 
canal in 1863, the water-supply of Suez was brought across the head of the gulf from the “ wells of Moses,” on the Arabian coast, or else carried on camels, 
after an hour’s journey, from'the fortified brackish of Bir Suweis. In spite of its favorable position for commerce, the place was quite small prior to the 
time of the canal, and even to-day the canal carries traffic past Suez rather than to it. The picture shows the post office square. 

383 
























YAFFA OR JAFFA, PALESTINE.— Jaffa, the ancient Joppa, is quite a large town, lying on the S. W. coast ot the Mediterranean, at the foot of a rock one 
hundred and sixteen feet in height. It has over eight thousand inhabitants. This town is very ancient, and a road runs directly from it to Jerusalem. The 
houses are built of tuff-stone, and the streets are generally very narrow and dirty, and, after the slightest rain, exceedingly muddy. The town walls are 
falling to decay, and the interior of the town is uninteresting. Tradition points out the place as the one in which Napoleon is said to have caused plague- 
patients to be poisoned, and in which St. Peter once lived.—(Act io: 5, 6.) 


385 



















GENERAL VIEW OF JERUSALEM, PALESTINE.— Here is a place of overwhelming interest. In the foreground we see St. Ann’s Church, with its quaint 
cupola. Little is seen of the ancient City of Zion and Moriah, the far-famed capital of the Jewish Theocracy, in the narrow, crooked and ill-paved streets of 
the modern town. The combination of wild superstitions, with the merest formalism which is everywhere observed, and the fanaticism and jealous exclusive¬ 
ness of the numerous religious communities of Jerusalem, form the chief modern characteristics of that memorable city, which was once the fountain-head 
from which the knowledge of the true God was wont to be vouchsafed to mankind, and which has exercised the greatest influence on religious thought 
throughout the world. 




















WAILING PLACE OF THE JEWS, JERUSALEM, PALESTINE.— Outside of the enclosure of Mosque El Aksa, at Jerusalem, is the noted wailing place 
of the Jews. A large number of them, including old and young, male and female, gather here on Friday, kiss the stones and water them with their tears. 
They bewail the downfall of Jerusalem, and read from their well-worn Hebrew Bibles and prayer-books the Lamentations of Jeremiah. The following few 
words are an exact copy from their litany : “ For the Palace that lies desolate, we sit in solitude and mourn.” They present a curious spectacle. 

389 













STREET SCENE, JERUSALEM, PALESTINE. —The above photograph represents the seventh of the fourteen sta¬ 
tions of the “ street of pain,” over which Christ is said to have carried the cross on His way to Golgotha. The 
place where Simon of Cyrene took the cross from Christ, the house against which Christ is said to have leaned, or 
near which He fell a second time, and the place where Christ is said to have addressed the women that accompanied 
Him, are all seen along this avenue. 













GARDEN OF GETHSEMANE, PALESTINE.— This holy place is situated at the foot of Mount Olivet across the Kedron, and noted as the scene of our 
Lord’s agony. Jesus frequently came here, as did also His disciples. It is a small irregular spot, surrounded by a high wall. This wall was built in 1847 
by Franciscan monks, who claimed it necessary to keep from the garden, pilgrims who injured the olive trees. There are seven of these trees remaining in 
the garden, whose trunks, nineteen feet in circumference, are cracked open with age, and claimed to date back to the time of our Saviour. 

393 



















BETHLEHEM, PALESTINE.—“ But thou, Bethlehem Ephratah, though thou be little among the thousands of Judah, yet out of thee shall He come forth 
unto Me that is to be ruler in Israel.” In Hebrew the word signifies the “ place of bread,” or, more generally, “ the place of food,” and is possibly derived 
from the fact that the region about Bethlehem has from very remote antiquity presented a marked contrast to the surrounding “ wilderness.” We learn 
from the Bible that the inhabitants of Bethlehem possessed cornfields, vineyards and flocks of goats, and that they made cheese. The natural products of 
to-day in every respect confirm this record. 


395 






















DEAD SEA, PALESTINE. —This sea, situated sixteen miles from Jerusalem and visible from the Mount of Olives, occupies that deep depression thirteen 
hundred feet below the Mediterranean, which extends from the mountains of Lebanon to the Gulf of Akabah, and is forty-six miles long and about ten 
miles wide. The River Jordan and smaller streams empty their waters into it, and it has no visible outlet. The water of the Dead Sea contains a large 
quantity of mineral substances, consisting of chlorides of sodium, calcium and magnesium, which give it a bitter taste, and render it smooth and oily. 

397 














NAZARETH, PALESTINE. —This village, situated in Galilee about sixty-five miles from Jerusalem, is the place where Jesus grew up from infancy. From 
its highest elevation the most beautiful view : s of the Holy Land can betaken. The place must have been very small in the time of Christ, as the village is 
not named in the Old Testament. The population in those times was mainly Jewish, but it now has Greek, Latin and Moslem quaiters and a Protestant 
mission. During the Middle Ages many Christians visited Nazareth, but when the Turks seized Palestine in 1517, they were again driven out. 

399 















M&4i0&k 

. 


JACOB’S WELL, PALESTINE.— Jews, Christians and Moslems agree that this is the “Well of Jacob” of Scripture. (Gen. XXXIII., 19.) It is sit¬ 
uated on the high road from Jerusalem to Galilee, according perfectly with the narrative of St. John IV., 5-30. In summer, it is often dry. It is seven and 
one-half feet in diameter and lined with masonry. If, as is probable, this well was the scene of Christ’s conversation with the Samaritan woman, the 
tradition had already attached to it, that this was Jacob’s Well, and around it was the field which he purchased, and where Joseph was afterwards buried. 
(Joshua XXIV., 32.) 


401 



















INTERIOR OF GREAT MOSQUE, DAMASCUS, SYRIA.— It is possible that during the first century of the Christian era, a heathen temple stood on the 
site of the present mosque. The building was converted into a Christian church, and contained a casket in which the head of John the Baptist was shown. 
The Christian church was destroyed, and the present mosque erected. Antique columns were collected in towns of Syria, and used in the decoration. The 
pavement and lower walls are covered with rarest marbles. The ceiling, from which hang six hundred golden lamps, is of wood, inlaid with gold. The urn 
above the altar is said to still contain the remains of the head of John the Baptist. 


403 




































BAALBEC, SYRIA. —These magnificent ruins have excited the wonder and admiration of every beholder, in view of the fact that the Jewish style of 
architecture is mingled with that of the Doric and the Corinthian order, this building is supposed to have been built by Solomon. It may be surpassed in 
classical taste by the Temple of Athens, and, in some respects, Rome may rival it. Even in magnitude the Nile exceeds it, but there is something about 
Baalbec that causes it to stand alone, and makes it peer of all. Its origin is not known, yet it passed through the Greek, Arab and Roman hands, and 
suffered assaults by the Crusades. 

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KALBADEVTE ROAD, BOMBAY, INDIA. —The city of Bombay, under English rule, with a population of nearly a million inhabitants, is one of the most 
flourishing cities in India, on account of its nearness to the Suez Canal. The approach from the sea discloses one of the finest panoramas in the world, the 
only European analogy being the Bay of Naples. The town itself consists of well-built and usually handsome native bazaars, and of spacious streets 
devoted to European commerce, of which the above is one of the principal avenues. 

407 







































INDRA-SABHA-TEMPLE, ELLORA, INDIA. —This world-famous temple occupies a position on a mountain near the town of Ellora. It is a cave tem¬ 
ple and is said to form one of a seiies begun 200 B. C., and continued until the twelfth century. Cut out of the solid rock are halls, supported by massive 
piers with level architraves. The temple is said to have been executed by Rajah Eda of Ellichpur, who was cured of a cutaneous disorder by a spring near 
the place, and in gratitude, gave orders for the construction of the shrine. It measures one hundred and thirty-eight feet in front, and in the interior ex¬ 
tends two hundred and forty-seven feet in length by one hundred and fifty feet in breadth, and is in some places one hundred feet high. 


409 

















ROYAL OBSERVATORY, MADRAS, INDIA. —This Observatory, maintained by the British Government, has been in operation since the beginning of 
the present century. It stands near the basin “Spur Tank,” and almost on the banks of the river Kuwam, which divides Madras in two halves. It 
is supplied with the very finest instruments, and many famous astronomical observations have been made here. In 1831, a transit instrument and a mural 
circle, both of three and three-quarter inches aperture, by Dollond, were mounted, and with these, T. G. Taylor observed eleven thousand stars, which 
were published in a large catalogue. 




















BENARES, INDIA.—The city here represented is the religious centre of Hindooism, and one of the oldest cities on the globe. The bank of the Ganges is 
entirely lined with stone, and there are many very tine landing-places, built by pious devotees, and highly ornamented. The internal streets are so narrow 
and winding, that there is not room for a carriage to pass ; and it is difficult to penetrate them even on horseback. The houses are built of Chanar stone, 
and are lofty, none being less than two, and many five and six, stories high. 

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TROPICAL SCENERY, CALCUTTA, INDIA. —Tropical scenery can only be appreciated by an observant traveller. Even in large cities like Calcutta, 
the houses are surrounded by gardens of mangos, nux vomica trees, jacks with pepper vines creeping over them, and huge palm trees, giving a rural ap¬ 
pearance to even the most crowded district. From a rising ground the view is extensive and very beautiful. Undulating hills and dales, generally covered 
with forests and cocoanut groves, only broken here and there by fields of vivid green, attract the eye from all sides, and make up a varied scene not to be 
equaled elsewhere in India. The natives roam about in almost a nude state, the women only wearing bright colored petticoats, which give them, however, 
a very picturesque appearance. 

























TEMPLE OF THE TOOTH, KANDY, CEYLON.—Dalada Malagawa, the Temple of the Tooth, is a shrine of peculiarly sacred character to the Buddh¬ 
ists. The outside walls are decorated with hideous, ill-executed frescoes of the various punishments inflicted in the Buddhist inferno. The Sacred Tooth 
of Buddha, which is two inches long and one inch thick, is preserved in a gold and jeweled shrine, covered by a large silver bell, in the centre of an 
octagonal tower with a pointed roof. It is only exposed to view once a year. The kings and priests of Burmah, Siam, and Cambodia, send regularly 
yearly tribute to the Temple of the Tooth, and more or less reverence is paid to it in India, China and Japan. 

417 

























TEA FARM, CEYLON, INDIA.— The cultivation of tea in Ceylon has only been recently introduced. A small quantity of pure, good tea is produced 
annually and finds a ready market on the island. It has not yet become an article of export. The fragrant shrub, which in form and species closely re¬ 
sembles the camellia, bears a white flower, giving a tea-garden in bloom a beautiful appearance. Indian tea is the very purest grown, although it has 
only within the last forty years become a staple product. There is a vast territory suitable to its successful growing, the plants in some parts of India 
being indigenous. 

419 




















NINE STORY PAGODA, CANTON, CHINA.—This is one of the most celebrated of this class of buildings in China. It is an octagonal pagoda, of nine 
stories, 170 feet in height and was first erected thirteen centuries ago. Brick, covered with marble or glazed tile, was the material used in construction. 
Each story is reduced in width and has a gallery round it. The roofs are hollow and sagging. They project a great deal, the corners being turned up 
sharply. In these corners, light bells are suspended, which make a constant ringing when the wind blows. 

421 



















WONG TAI KEN, CHINA.—The people of China are a thoroughly settled class of agriculturists and traders. 
They are partially Buddhist, and have a peculiar monosyllabic, uninflected language, with writing consisting of 
symbols, which represent words, nbt letters. The photograph represents one of the better class, dressed in a richly 
made costume after the fashion of her country. Her feet, like all of her race, are extremely small and encased in velvet 
sandals, with thick wooden soles, which are peculiar to these people. 




























































































































YOKOHAMA, JAPAN.— Yokohama is the most important of the five ports in Japan, open by treaty to foreign commerce and residence, both on ac¬ 
count of its proximity to Tokio, the capital, and of the extent of its trade. It stands on a plain, extending along the Bay of Tokio and shut in by hills. 
In 1859, when the neighboring town of Kanagawa was opened to foreigners, under the treaty with the United States, Yokohama was an insignificant fish¬ 
ing village. The town has since increased so rapidly, that in 1886 the population was over one hundred and ten thousand. The harbor, which is a part 
of the Bay of Tokio, is large and commodious. Steamers from San Francisco, Vancouver’s Island, China, and other ports, call regularly. 

42s 




























JIN—RICKISHA, JAPAN. —The Jin-rickisha is the universal conveyance in Japan. It is impossible to hire a carriage or a horse. This vehicle is some¬ 
thing between a small perambulator and a hansom cab, with a hood that shuts back, and seating one or two persons. It is drawn by a man, who gets in 
between the shafts, pressing against the cross-bar at the end. These men trot along at from five to seven miles an hour, and are splendid specimens of 
muscular development. Their dress consists of a pale blue cotton shirt with hanging sleeves, and tight-fitting breeches of the same material. 

427 




















GREAT BUDDHA, KAMAKURA, JAPAN. —This colossal figure, of great antiquity, is in a sitting posture and is forty-seven feet high. It was cast on 
the spot, in sections of about six feet in height, forming one huge mass of metal, in which the divisions of the several castings are distinctly visible. The 
figure represents Buddha in meditation and is full of dignified repose. A large jewel is placed in the middle of the forehead, from which light is supposed 
to beam, and is significant of Buddha being “ The Light of the World.” This wonderful piece of work was, after eight failures, accomplished in 749 by 
Takusho, an artist from Corea, and is marvelously perfect and well preserved. 


429 






































MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA.— Melbourne, the capital of the Colony of Victoria, and the most populous city in Australia, is situated at the head of the bay 
of Port Philip, on the north bank of the Yarra River. Collins Street, represented in the photograph, contains most of the fashionable shops in Melbourne. 
It runs parallel with the river, and is a good example of the principal thoroughfares of the city, which are wide and well kept. The universal appearance 
of prosperity, activity and comfort under the usually clear blue sky, impresses the visitor favorably. There are many fine public buildings in the city, most 
of them situated on positions from which they can be seen to advantage. 

431 






























TYPICAL SCENE, SANDWICH ISLANDS.— The ravines and mountain-slopes on the windward side of the larger islands contain much forest growth, 
while the leeward uplands and plains are comparatively bare. Among the most remarkable forms of vegetation is a screw-pine and candle-nut tree, so 
named from the fact that the natives string together the kernels, which are very oily, and make candles. The natives derive their sustenance chiefly from 
pork and fish, both fresh and dried, and from the banana, sweet potato, yam, bread, fruit and cocoanut. 

433 














GENERAL VIEW OF RIO DE JANEIRO, SOUTH AMERICA. —Rio de Janeiro, the capital of Brazii, and one of the principal seaports of South 
America, is situated on the western side of one of the finest natural harbors in the world. One of the pleasant features of the city, is the abundant supply 
of excellent water, distributed to numerous stately fountains in the streets and public squares. Rio de Jeneiro is the commercial, as well as the political, 
capital of Brazil. It is the terminus of nearly the whole railway system of the country. It contains the principal arsenal in the Republic, and most of the 
Brazilian cruisers have been built in its dock-yards. 


435 

















STREET SCENE, RIO DE JANEIRO, SOUTH AMERICA.—The streets of Rio de Janeiro do not impress the traveller favorably. They are excessively 
narrow and the buildings by no means handsome. In the southern division of the city, the streets, one of which is shown in the photograph, are much 
more open and attractive. This is the fashionable district, and contains many delightful residences. The city itself, during business hours, is full of 
activity. Immense numbers of negroes crowd continually up and down with heavy bags and bales. The government of Brazil has been making great 
efforts to improve the condition of the streets and good progress is being made. 

437 



























COFFEE FARM, BRAZIL, SOUTH AMERICA.— Coffee is one of the chief products of South America. The country derives much of its wealth from 
coffee plantations.' The plants are grown in the shape of small poplar trees, seven or eight feet high and two or three feet thick. They look beautiful in 
flower, the pure white star of the blossom being well set off by the extreme darkness of the foliage. It was only as late as 1810 that South American coffee 
came to be highly valued in the outside markets. The exports of coffee in 1818 amounted to almost Si,200,000 and in 1873 had increased to $65,000,000. 

439 







































THE CATHEDRAL, CITY OF MEXICO, MEXICO.— The Cathedral is the largest and most sumptuous church in America. It faces the north side of the 
plaza, on the side of the great pyramidal teocalli or temple of Huitzilopochtli, titular god of the Aztecs. This edifice, which was founded in 1573 and finished 
in 1657, at a cost of $2,000,000 for the walls alone, forms a Greek cross, 426 feet long and 203 wide, with two great naves and three aisles, twenty side 
chapels and a magnificent high altar, supported by marble columns and surrounded by a tumbago balustrade, with sixty-two statues of marble, rich gold, 
silver and copper alloy serving as candelabra. 


441 
























































NATIONAL PALACE, CITY OF MEXICO, MEXICO.—The National Palace was originally the Viceregal residence. It has a frontage of six hundred 
and seventy-five feet, and contains most of the Government offices (ministerial, cabinet, treasury), military headquarters, archives, meteorological depart¬ 
ment with observatory, and the spacious hall of ambassadors, with some remarkable paintings by Miranda and native artists. North of the palace, and 
apparently forming portions of it, are the post-office and the national museum of natural history and antiquities, with a priceless collection of Mexican re¬ 
mains. The palace is a very imposing structure, and one of the most famous buildings in the city. 

443 




































































































STREET SCENE. CITY OF MEXICO. MEXICO.— Perhaps the streets of no other city present so diversified a picture as those of the city of Mexico. 
Every variety of costume, civil and religious, Indian and European, of the city and country, is intermingled in the crowd. The native Mexicans, men 
and women, are easilv distinguished by their garments, which are of the lightest description. The streets, in the early morning, are overrun with ped¬ 
dlers. whose cries are peculiarly discordant. In the afternoon the fashionables resort to the parks, which are in the best part of the city. The avenue in 
the photograph represents one of the most fashionable thoroughfares. 


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SUGAR PLANTATION, CUBA, WEST INDIES.—Sugar is one of the chief agricultural products of Cuba. The “ Ingenios,” or sugar estates, with 
large buildings and mills for sugar refining, are the most important industrial establishments of the island, ranging in extent from five hundred to ten 
thousand acres. To the systematic planting of sugar-cane in 1640, the marvelous prosperity of Cuba and the other West India Islands is greatly due, and 
it was from its successful propagation that vast fortunes were made. The exports in 1873 exceeded six hundred thousand tons, of a value of about 
$ 60,000,000. 


449 

















SITKA, ALASKA._Sitka, the capital of Alaska, is situated on the west coast of the Baranoff Island, which is one of the principal of the Alexander Islands. 

It is the second town in size, and has a custom house, a Gra?co-Russian church, a hospital, a half dozen stores, schools and several saw mills. Its principal 
business is fishing, and a number of steamers ply between this place and Portland, Oregon. The island is about seventy miles long and fifteen miles wide, 
and is densely timbered. 


451 


















TOTEM POLES, ALASKA. A totem is a class of material objects which a savage regards with superstitious re¬ 
spect, believing that there exists between him and every member of the class an intimate and special relation. These 
poles, which rise to the height of seventy feet, are elaborately carved from top to bottom with a succession of figures 
representing the wolf, frog, bear, eagle, whale and a variety of other animals. They are planted near Indian villages! 
but it is hoped church steeples will soon tower in their places and work a change in these strange people. 


























































PARLIAMENT BUILDINGS, OTTAWA, CANADA.— The capital of the Dominion of Canada is situated on the Ottawa River, four hundred and fifty miles 
from New York, and one hundred and twenty-six miles from Montreal. It is one of the most flourishing cities in Ontario, on account of the great lumber 
products in the surrounding districts. The city was founded sixty-three years ago, its chief attraction being the Government Buildings, which stand on Bar¬ 
rack Hill, and are built mainly of light-colored sandstone. The style of architecture is that of Italian Gothic. The main building is five hundred feet long, 
covering nearly four acres, and involving a cost of $ 4 , 000,000 in its construction. 

• - 455 























































GOLDEN GATE, CALIFORNIA.— This forms the entrance to San Francisco Bay, which is about seventy miles long and from ten to fifteen wide, 2nd is 
narrowed into a channel only about one mile wide ; here the waters escape in a current as the tide ebbs and flows to and from the ocean. As one approaches 
from the ocean towards the bay, the south side of the Golden Gate exhibits a shelving point of land which terminates in a long fortification called Fort 
Point. The portion of the strait between the light-house on the north and the fort on the south, is termed “ The Golden Gate,” or “ Chrysopylae.” 

457 

















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MARKET STREET, SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA. -The city is the commercial metropolis of California, and is situated nearly six miles from the 
ocean on the west side of the magnificent bay from which it derives its name. It stands on a plain which inclines towards the bay, and has numerous hills 
behind it. The city is regularly laid out, the streets crossing each other at right angles. Market Street, which has four street-car tracks, two of which are 
cable lines, is the principal business street; it runs south-west from the bay, and divides the older from the newer portion of the city. The city was origi¬ 
nally called Yerba Buena (“ good herbs ”), and was settled by the Spaniards about 1777 , but was changed to San Francisco in 1847. 

459 






















GENERAL VIEW OF THE YOSEMITE VALLEY, CALIFORNIA. -The Yosemite Valley is situated one hundred and fifty miles distant, in a direct 
line a little to the southeast of San Francisco. It is six miles in length and from half a mile to a mile in width, and sunk from two thousand to three 
thousand feet in perpendicular depth below the general level of the surrounding country. The waterfalls in and about this valley are of great beauty and 
variety. The Nevada and Vernal Falls of the Merced River, which flows through the whole length of the valley, are wonderfully grand. 

461 


















GLACIER POINT, YOSEM1TE VALLEY, CALIFORNIA.—Glacier Point, one of the most remarkable and striking 
features of nature in the world, is composed of solid rock, thirty-two hundred feet in perpendicular height. It is 
reached by a trail from the floor of the valley, and the time generally consumed is from four to six hours. From 
this great point of interest, a general view of the whole valley can be obtained, and nothing is more soul-stirring to 
the beholder than to look at the great and marvelous wonders of nature abounding in the Yosemite Valley. 











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BIG TREE, CALIFORNIA. —The big trees of California are known the world over and are specifically termed the 
sequoia gigantea, and abound only in California. They occur in groves or patches, which are scattered over limited 
areas. They grow to a great height, ranging from two hundred to three hundred feet, and attain a circumference from 
seventy-five to one hundred feet. The above is a photograph of one of the trees, showing the trunk, through which 
a four-horse stage coach passes. This tree measures twenty-five feet in diameter, and it stands in the Mariposa Grove. 































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PULPIT TERRACE, YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. —The Yellowstone Park has in the vicinity of the Mammoth Hot Springs many remarkable 
terrace-building springs, which are situated one thousand feet above the Gardiner River, into which they discharge their waters. The water finds its way 
to the surface through deep-lying cretaceous strata, and contains a great deposit of calcareous material. As the water flows out at the various elevations 
on the terraces through many vents, it forms corrugated layers of carbonate of lime, which is generally hard while wet, but becomes soft when dry. 
While these springs are active, vegetation dies in their vicinity ; but when dry, grass and trees again grow on the crumbling calcareous deposit. 

471 



















OBSIDIAN CLIFF, YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK.— This noted and volcanic glass mountain, situated in the Yellowstone Park, glistens like jet, 
is opaque and rises like basalt in almost vertical columns, from the shore of Beaver Lake. It is unequaled in the world, and is about two hundred 
feet high and one thousand feet in length, being variegated with streaks of red and yellow. When the carriage road was constructed over the side of the 
mountain along the lake, great fires were built upon the masses of Obsidian : and after they had been sufficiently expanded by the heat, cold water was 
thrown on them, which fractured the blocks into fragments that could be handled. Thus a glass carriage way was made one-quarter of a mile in length, 
which is without doubt the only piece of glass road in the world. 


473 











MAMMOTH PAINT POTS, YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK.—Among all the geysers and hot springs in Yellowstone Park, there is nothing more 
striking to behold than the Mammoth Paint Pots, which measure forty by sixty feet, with a mud rim on three sides from three to four feet in height. The 
whitish substance in this basin, which looks like paint, is in constant agitation, and resembles a vast bed of mortar with numerous points of ebullition. 
There is a constant bubbling up of this peculiar formation, which produces a sound similar to a hoarse whisper. Its contents have been reduced by the 
constant action to a mixed silicious clay, which in former years consisted of different colors, but is now active only in the white portion of its formation. 


475 



















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YELLOWSTONE LAKE AND HOT SPRINGS, YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK.-— This large and beautiful sheet of water is nearly one-half 
mile higher than the summit of Mount Washington, N. H., and is surrounded by snow-capped mountains. It covers an area of one hundred and fifty 
square miles, and has a great depth. Trout are so plentiful that there is little pleasure afforded in capturing them. The lake is fed by numerous large 
tributaries and a score of smaller streams. A number of boiling springs, charged with sulphur, alum and alkali, dot its shores , and the fishermen can cook 
their trout by dropping them into the boiling springs without walking from the spot where they are caught. 

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GRAND CANON OF THE YELLOWSTONE, WYOMING.—This wonderful gorge, whose scenic beauty is not equaled anywhere, has a scene 
of enchantment surpassing all expectation. From the Lower Falls it reveals the most varied groups of crags and rock ever beheld. It passes through a 
volcanic plateau, forming broken walls of barbaric richness of coloring that almost defies description. Red, purple and yellow predominate, and with the 
white foam of the rushing river through the bottom, and the dark green of the forest upon the plateau, form one of the grandest natural sights on earth. 

483 




















ANIMAS CANON, COLORADO.—This canon is between Durango and Silverton, and the scenery through it is of surpassing grandeur and beauty. The 
railroad follows the course of the Animas River (to which the Spaniards gave the musical but melancholy title of “ Rio de las Animas Perdidas,” or River of 
Lost Souls) until the picturesque mining town of Silverton is reached. To the right is the silvery Animas River, which frets in its narrowing bed, and breaks 
into foam against the opposing boulders, beyond which rise the hills ; to the left are mountains, increasing in rugged contour as the advance is made, and 
in the shadow of the rocks all is solitary, weird and awful; the startled traveller loses all apprehension in the wondrous beauty and grandeur of the scene. 

485 













GRAND CANON CF THE ARKANSAS RIVER, COLORADO. —There are no words which can properly de¬ 
scribe this great and magnificent canon, the crowning attraction, the wonder of wonders, the marvel of marvels, in 
Colorado’s scenery. This canon is seven miles in length, and presents the grandest scenery in the world. This photo¬ 
graph represents the Royal Gorge, where the canon is three hundred feet deep. As it is not sufficiently wide for rail¬ 
road and river to pass through, the road is carried above the river, on a hanging bridge, which is shown in the picture. 

















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MOUNTAIN OF THE HOLY CROSS, COLORADO.— This mountain is without doubt the most remarkable and 
the most noted of the Rockies, on account of the cross from which it received its name. Near the top is seen the 
cross, formed by deep crevices in its side, which are tilled with perpetual snow and ice. The sight of wildwood, of 
tree-crowned slope, of rocky heights, of silvery cascades whose white threads of water are occasionally seen wearing 
away rifts in the rocks, renders the mountain one of the most enchanting of the many mountains in Colorado. 














MANITOU AND PIKE’S PEAK, COLORADO.— Manitou was known to white men long before Major Pike discovered the peak, and is noted for its 
famous soda springs, whose health-giving properties were familiar to the Indians from time immemorial. To this favored spot they made their pilgrimages, 
and in grateful recognition of the beneficent characteristics of the waters, they named the place in honor of the Great Spirit, and bestowed upon it the 
musical and significant title, Manitou. It is visited by thousands of tourists every season, and many make the ascent from here to the top of Pike’s Peak, 
which is seen in the background. 


491 


























































































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SUMMIT OF PIKE’S PEAK, COLORADO.^In 1806 Major Zebulon Pike first described this wonderful snow-capped peak, which now bears his name, 
and which he called the “ Great Snow Mountain.” When the mountain first dawned on his view, he was one hundred miles east on the plains. This 
noted peak towers to the height of 14,147 feet, and its top is covered with perpetual snow. This photograph represents the U. S. Signal Station on its 
summit. The top is now reached by an incline railway from Manitou, and from it the traveller may behold one of the grandest sights in Colorado. 

493 
























GATEWAY TO THE GARDEN OF THE GODS, COLORADO.— Why this wonderful valley, which has not the appearance of a garden, was named 
the Garden of the Gods, no one knows ; but, no doubt, by reason of its apt alliterations, the name has become so popular that it would be foolish to change 
it. There are many remains which show that Titanic forces have been at work here. It does not require a lively imagination to discover in the garden an 
endless variety of beings, such as the lion, the seal, the elephant, birds and reptiles of imitative forms. The most noted object is the Great Gateway. 

495 

















CATHEDRAL SPIRES, COLORADO. —The stranger passing through Manitou should not fail to visit the Garden of the Gods, in which are located the 
Cathedral Spires, wonderful rock formations, standing upright, with pinnacles several hundred feet high. The wonderful region in which these spires are, 
in point of attraction, ranks with the sunny slopes of Italy, and the rugged grandeur of the Bernese Oberland. The scenery in this locality is so varied, so 
grand, and so impressive, that contemplative pauses must be made in order that the eye may grasp all the charming details of the view. 

497 


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LIFE IN OKLAHOMA, OKLAHOMA TERRITORY.—Oklahoma Territory is a beautiful stretch of country, abounding in vast and fertile plains. In the 
eastern part, the soil is particularly rich and well irrigated, making it almost as productive as a garden. The territory was formerly the special domain for 
all the Indian tribes, but this original race seems to be gradually becoming extinct. The above photograph represents a scene in Oklahoma County. This 
county is nearly in the centre of the territory, on the line of a railroad which has recently been opened. Owing to its admirable adaptability for agriculture, 
it is fast becoming populated. The picture suggests the most primitive rural simplicity. 


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STATE STREET, CHICAGO, ILLINOIS.— This city, which is now the most important centre of commerce in the Northwestern States, is situated at the 
mouth of the Chicago River, on Lake Michigan. The first inhabitants known to have been in the locality were the Pollawatomie Indians, and the earliest 
Europeans were French fur traders, who visited the site in 1654. Fort Dearborn was built in 1804, when the first attempt was made to settle here ; but the 
Indians destroyed and massacred most of the garrison in 1812. In 1816 the place was rebuilt and to-day stands as one of the leading cities of America. 
The above represents State Street, one of the principal thoroughfares, and the Palmer House, one of its leading hotels. 

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PARK ROW, NEW YORK CITY, N. Y.—The metropolis of the United States, is considered the headquarters of the stock and money market. It is here where 
the greater number of foreign vessels land and depart, and where the majority of immigrants first step upon our shores. The city is built on Manhattan 
Island, which is 13 miles long, and from 2 to 4 miles wide. This picture represents Park Row, and the New York Times’ Building in the front and the gen¬ 
eral Post Office on the right, which is a large granite structure, and an ornament to the city. New York has a population of nearly two million people, com¬ 
posed of all nationalities. This city gives to the student of human nature an excellent opportunity to observe the life and habits of the different nations. 

509 






























































BROOKLYN BRIDGE, NEW YORK CITY, N. Y.— This bridge, connecting New York with Brooklyn, is by far the largest suspension bridge yet con¬ 
structed. The work was commenced in 1870, and opened for traffic on May 24, 1883. The central span, from tower to tower, measures fifteen hundred and 
ninety-five and one-half feet. In the centre is a foot-way, fifteen and one-half feet wide, and raised twelve feet above the other passages, affording an open 
view on both sides. There are tracks on each side for cable cars, worked by a stationary engine on the Brooklyn side, and on the outside are wagon-ways. 
The entire cost was #15,500,000. 

511 


























ELEVATED RAILROAD, NEW YORK CITY, N. Y.-—The steam cars, the street railway and the electric road are the three modern modes of transportation. 
The motive power of the ele’vated railroads of New York City is steam, and the quick facilities afforded exceed that of any other country. These elevated 
railroads are sufficiently high so as not to interfere with street traffic, stations are located every four or five blocks apart, there is little delay, and a pas¬ 
senger can ride from one end of the city to the other in a very short time. It is said that one million people ride daily on the elevated railroads of New 
York, giving the company an income of $50,000 per day. The above photograph represents the railroad at Chatham Square, where it branches off into 

different directions. 































STATUE OF LIBERTY, NEW YORK HARBOR, N. Y.—This magnificent monument, the work of Bartholdi, was presented by the French Government 
to the people of the United States as a token of sisterly love and respect, and as a means of still further cementing the good feelings of the two greatest 
republics on the globe. The statue stands on Bedloe’s Island, in New York harbor. The torch of liberty, held in the right hand, is illuminated at night 
by a huge electric light. The pedestal on which the statue stands was built by voluntary contributions, solicited by the New York World. 

515 





























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CHESTNUT STREET, PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA.— Philadelphia, the third city of the United States and the metropolis of Pennsylvania, often 
called the City of Brotherly Love, was founded in 1682 by William Penn. This picture represents Chestnut Street, the principal retail business street and 
the avenue on which the leading banking institutions are located. The building on the right is Independence Hall, in which was declared the independence 
of the United States. The liberty bell is still preserved and found at-the entrance of the building. The structure in the background is a banking house. 

517 





























FORT SAN MARCO, ST. AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA, U. S. A.—St. Augustine, having the distinction of being the oldest city in the United States, was 
founded by Europeans and has recently become a popular winter watering-place. It is thirty-six miles from Jacksonville, and stands on a sandy peninsula. 
Along the sea-front, for nearly a mile, extends a granite-coped sea-wall; and, at its northern end, stands the Fort of San Marco, a well-preserved specimen 
of Spanish military architecture, built in 1756. "The fort has a moat and outworks, and its walls are twenty-one feet high. It is in the form of a trapezium, 
and covers four acres. 


519 

























PONCE DE LEON, 

St. Augustine, 

Florida. 


521 







































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THE CAPITOL, WASHINGTON, D. C.—The Capitol in Washington deserves a foremost place among the first buildings of the world. It stands upon 
an eminence in the midst of extensive grounds. The general plan is that of a central building, surmounted by a dome, flanked by two wings. The length 
of the structure is seven hundred and fifty-one feet, the breadth ranging from one hundred and twenty-one to three hundred and twenty-four feet at the dif¬ 
ferent parts, the whole covering three and a half acres. Its extreme height from the ground to the top of the Statue of Liberty, which stands upon the dome, 
is three hundred and seven and a half feet. The entire cost of the building has been jjSi 3,000,000. 

523 































































































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